the preceding chapter you learned that nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl group is one of the fundamental reaction types of organic chemistry. In addition to its own reactivity, a carbonyl group can affect the chemical properties of aldehydes and ketones in other ways. Aldehydes and ketones are in equilibrium with their enol isomers

ou have already had considerable experience with carbanionic compounds and rgani their applications in synthetic organic chemistry. The first was acetylide ion in Chapter 9, followed in Chapter 14 by organometallic compounds-Grignard reagents, for example-that act as sources of negatively polarized carbon. In Chapter 18 you learned that enolate ions-reactive

itrogen-containing compounds are essential to life. Their ultimate source is atmo- spheric nitrogen which, by a process known as nitroge. nitrogen fixation, is reduce ced to ammonia, then converted to organic nitrogen compounds. This chapter describes the chemistry of amines, organic derivatives of ammonia. Alkylamines have their nitro- gen attached to sp'-hybridized carbon; arylamines have their nitrogen attached to an sp2-hybridized carbon of a benzene or benzene-like ring

henols are compounds that have a hydroxyl group bonded directly to benzene or benzenoid ring. The parent compound of this group, C6H,OH, called simply phe- nol, is an important industrial chemical. Many of the properties of phenols are anal- ogous to those of alcohols, but this similarity is something of an oversimplification.Like arylamine

ipids differ from the other classes of naturally occurring biomolecules (carbohy- drates, proteins, and nucleic acids)in that they are more soluble in non-to-weakly polar solvents(diethyl ether, hexane, dichloromethathan they are in water.they include a variety of structural types, a collection of which is introduced in this chapter. In spite of the number of different structural types, lipids share a common biosyn- thetic origin in that they are ultimately derived from glucose. During one stage of car- bohydrate metabolism, called glycolysis, glucose is converted to lactic acid. Pyruvic acid is an intermediate

Absolute configuration(Section 7.5): The three-dimensional Activating substituent (Sections 12.10 and 12.12): A group rrangement of atoms or groups at a stereogenic center. that when present in place of a hydrogen causes a particular Acetal(Section 17.8): Product of the reaction of an aldehyde or reaction to occur faster. Term is most often applied to a ketone with two moles of an alcohol according to the substituents that increase the rate of electrophilic aromatic

1 化学信息概论 2 2 文献检索与阅读 2 3 常用全文数据库 2 4 常用文摘索引数据库 4 5 特种信息资源 2 6 常用化学事实数据库 2 7 化学结构可视化软件 4 8 科学绘图及数据分析软件 2

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McGraw-Hill Higher Education A Division of The McGrawp-Hill Companies ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, FOURTH EDITION Copyright 2000, 1996, 1992, 1987 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieva

1.1 The element carbon has atomic number 6, and so it has a total of six electrons. Two of these elec- tr rons are in the Is level. The four electrons in the 2s and 2p levels (the valence shell) are the valence electrons. Carbon has four valence electrons 1.2 Electron configurations of elements are derived by applying the following principles: