实验动物质量控制 ❖遗传质量控制 ❖微生物质量控制 ❖营养质量控制 ❖环境质量控制

Mutualism Symbiosis is an obligatory interrelationship between two populations that benefits both of them Lichens is composed of a fungus and an alga

Virus have both an extracellular and an intracellular state. A virus is a submicroscopic particle containing nucleic acid surrounded by protein and occasionally containing other macromolecular components. In this extracellular state, the virus particle, also called the virion, is metabolically inert and does not carry out respiratory or biosynthetic

Overall Strategies Defense against complement Subversion of phagocytosis Subversion of immune responses

Types of chemotaxins – C5a attracts neutrophils and monocytes – Made by bacteria Peptide clipped off N-terminus (beginning with N￾formylmethionine) during peptide maturation after protein synthesis

《微生物学》课程教学资源（参考资料）微生物基本术语（英汉对照词汇）

Constitutive Defenses Barriers to entry – See Schaechter text, Table 6.1 Mucous membranes—covered by protective layer of mucus – Mechanical and chemical barrier that allows proper functioning

Operon fusion: transcriptional – Promoter from foreign gene – Translational sequence from reporter gene

Choosing an Animal Model Pathogen may not affect animal at all -OR￾may give different symptoms Given disease may have a number of animal models, none of which fully satisfies characteristics of disease

General aspects – Remember definition: organisms frequently found on or within body of healthy individuals – Most are bacteria, but some are viruses, fungi, and protozoa