5.7 Direct measurements of microbial growth: total and viable counts 5.8 Indirect Measurements : Turbidity 浊度 5.9 Continuous culture: the chemostat 连续培养:恒化器

4.10 Bacterial cell surface structures 4.11 Endospores 内生孢子 Properties of Endospores Structure of Endospores Chemical Constitution of Endospores

I. Genes and Gene Experession 7.1 Macromolecules and Genetic Information II. DNA STRUCTURE 7.2 DNA Structure: The Double Helix 双螺旋 7.3 DNA Structure: Supercoiling 超螺旋结构

7.7 Overview of transcription 7.8 The Genetic Code 7.9. Transfer RNA 7.10 Translation: the process of protein synthesis 7.11 Folding and Secreting Proteins

3.5 Cytoplasmic membranes: Structure 3.6 Cytoplasmic membranes: Function 3.7 Membrane transport systems 3.8 Cell Wall 3.9 The Outer Membrance of Gram-negative Bacteria

I. VIRUS AND VIRION 9.1 General Properties of Viruses 9.2 Nature of the virion 9.3 Quantification of Viruses 病毒的量化

9.11 Overview of Animal Viruses 9.12 Retroviruses

上海交通大学：《微生物学 Microbiology》课程教学资源（双语课件）Lecture 2 An Overview of Microbial Life

上海交通大学：《微生物学 Microbiology》课程教学资源（双语课件）Introduction to Microbiology

早期航海史 中国航海史 大航海时代 达尔文之旅与生命起源学说 让英国海军发疯的\古代骑士\