一、建立轴线 1、设置当前层设为轴线层 2、根据建筑平面图的剖切符号来建立剖面开间轴线 3、根据建筑层高建立进深的轴线 4、用 OFFSET命令建立轴网 5、用 LTSCALE命令改变点划线的线型比例因子

逆境(胁迫)是对植物生长和生存不利的各种环境因素的总称,逆境可以影响植物水分、 光合、呼吸、物质代谢等过程。总体上讲,植物可以通过避逆和耐逆两种方式来抵抗逆境。 低温逆境包括冷害和冻害。冷害是冰点以上低温对植物的伤害。冷害导致膜相由液晶态转 变成凝胶态,膜透性增大,基本代谢紊乱,氧化磷酸化解偶联。冻害指冰点以下低温度使细胞 间隙结冰或细胞内结冰引起的伤害。冻害的机理通常有膜伤害假说及巯基假说。结冰导致细胞 质过度脱水、蛋白质分子变性,膜遭到破坏,代谢就紊乱。 热害是高温胁迫对植物的伤害,可分为直接伤害及间接伤害,植物的抗热性因生态习性、 生育期、器官部位、自身代谢不同而不同

DEFINITIONS EQUIPMENT RATING: Given the input streams, operating parameters, and size parameters, determine the equipment performance and output streams EQUIPMENT SIZING: Given the input streams and the performance specifications, estimate the economically important size parameters using approximate methods EQUIPMENT DESIGN: Produce a design in enough detail to guide the fabrication of the item of equipment

SEPARATION OPERATIONS: INTRODUCTION What are separation operations? Typical applications of separation operations Physical basis for separation operations Basic types of separation operations Performance characterization of separation operations Choice of separation operations

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF SIMPLE DISTILLATION COLUMNS Goals: Determine feasibility of proposed separation Estimate tray and reflux requirements Estimate column diameter and height

INTRODUCTION A. Types of Material Balance Problems B. Historical Perspective I. CONSERVATION OF MASS 5 A. Control Volumes B. Holdup or Inventory . Material Balance Basis D. Material Balances II. PROCESSES

THE TWO BASIC INVESTMENT CONCERNS PROFITABILITY (HOW MUCH MONEY WILL I MAKE?) risK (WHAT ARE MY CHANCES OF MAKING IT?)

ENGINEERING ECONOMICS ESTIMATING THE PROFITABILITY OF A CHEMICAL PLANT Estimating Investment Estimating Cost of Production Profitability Evaluation Return on Investment (ROD) Payout time(Tpay) DCF Rate of Return(DCFROR) Transfer Price

DESIGN METHODOLOGY: CHOICE OF PROCESS TYPE goaL-- Choose the process type appropriate to the plant to be designed

DESIGN METHODOLOGY III: RECYCLE STRUCTURE OF THE PROCESS goAL-- Determine alternate recycle structures for the process based on reactor operating requirements