Instructional objectives: What does one learn in his learning, according to Tolman? What is the opinion of Tolman aboutreinforcement and reinforcementexpectancy?

Definition Declarative Knowledge Steps in Learning Declarative Knowledge Designer's Role Phases of Presenting Declarative Knowledge Examples of Learner Acquisition of Declarative Knowledge

5.1 Edward Chace Tolman (1886-1959) Born in Newton,Massachusetts. Received his B.S.degree fromthe Mass.institutes of Technology inelectrochemistry in 1911

Moral development is the process by which individuals acquire a sense of right and wrong, to use in evaluating their own actions and the actions of others

5.1 About GestaltPsychology The founder ofGestalt psychology: Max Wertheimer(1880-1943)

“Any subject can by taught effectively to any child at any stage of development

4.3.1 Burrhus FredericSkinner:1904-1990 Born in Susquehanna,Pennsylvania. Received bachelor’s degreein Hamilton College in New York, majored in Englishliterature. He decided to be a writer.(influenced by RobertFrost)

4.1.1 Edward Lee Thorndyke:1874-1949, American educational psychologist. 1891-1895,studied English literature in Wesleyan University

Anything that can be learned from direct experience can also be learned by indirect or vicarious experience

1 实验须知、安全教育、领洗仪器 2 蒸馏及熔沸点的测定、温度计校正