Chapter 2 Water Chapter 3 Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins Chapter 4 The Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins Chapter 5 Protein Function Chapter 6 Enzymes Chapter 8 Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids Chapter 9 DNA-Based Information Technologies Chapter 11 Biological Membranes and Transport Chapter 12 Biosignaling Chapter 13 Bioenergetics and Biochemical Reaction Types Chapter 14 Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Chapter 16 The Citric Acid Cycle Chapter 17 Fatty Acid Catabolism Chapter 18 Amino Acid Oxidation and the Production of Urea Chapter 19 Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photophosphorylation Chapter 20 Carbohydrate Biosynthesis in Plants and Bacteria Chapter 22 Biosynthesis of Amino Acids, Nucleotides, and Related Molecules Chapter 24 Genes and Chromosomes Chapter 25 DNA Metabolism Chapter 26 RNA Metabolism Chapter 28 Regulation of Gene Expression

UNIT I: Protein Structure and Function Chapter 1: Amino Acids Chapter 2: Structure of Proteins Chapter 3: Globular Proteins Chapter 4: Fibrous Proteins Chapter 5: Enzymes UNIT II: Intermediary Metabolism Chapter 6: Bioenergetics and Oxidative Phosphorylation Chapter 7: Introduction to Carbohydrates Chapter 8: Glycolysis Chapter 9: Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Chapter 10: Gluconeogenesis Chapter 11: Glycogen Metabolism Chapter 12: Metabolism of Monosaccharides and Disaccharides Chapter 13: Pentose Phosphate Pathway and NADPH Chapter 14: Glycosaminoglycans, Proteoglycans, and Glycoproteins UNIT III: Lipid Metabolism Chapter 15: Metabolism of Dietary Lipids Chapter 16: Fatty Acid and Triacylglycerol Metabolism Chapter 17: Complex Lipid Metabolism Chapter 18: Cholesterol and Steroid Metabolism UNIT IV: Nitrogen Metabolism Chapter 19: Amino Acids: Disposal of Nitrogen Chapter 20: Amino Acid Degradation and Synthesis Chapter 21: Conversion of Amino Acids to Specialized Products Chapter 22: Nucle

糖 糖类物质是含多羟基的醛类或酮类化合物及缩聚物和某些衍生物的总称。 单糖 凡不能被水解成更小分子的糖为单糖。单糖又可根据糖分子含碳原子数多少分类，在自然界分 布广、作用大的是五碳糖和六碳糖，分别称为戊糖和己糖。核糖、脱氧核糖属戊糖，葡萄糖、果糖和半乳 糖为己糖

Part I Molecular Components of Cells 1 The Facts of Life: Chemistry Is the Logic of Biological Phenomena 2 Water: The Medium of Life 3 Thermodynamics of Biological Systems 4 Amino Acids and the Peptide Bond 5 Proteins: Their Primary Structure and Biological Functions 6 Proteins: Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary Structure 7 Carbohydrates and the Glycoconjugates of Cell Surfaces 8 Lipids 9 Membranes and Membrane Transport 10 Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids 11 Structure of Nucleic Acids 12 Recombinant DNA, Cloning, Chimeric Genes, and Synthetic Biology Part II Protein Dynamics 13 Enzymes—Kinetics and Specificity 14 Mechanisms of Enzyme Action 15 Enzyme Regulation 16 Molecular Motors Part III Metabolism and Its Regulation Part IV Information Transfer

4.7.I Occurrence and microheterogeneity B-Lactoglobulin is a major protein in bovine milk, representing about 50% of total whey protein and 12% of the total protein of milk. It was among the first proteins to be crystallized, and since crystallizability was long considered to be a good criterion of homogeneity, B-Ig, which is a typical

• 第一节 合理膳食 • 第二节 有氧活动 • 第三节 知足常乐 • 第四节 远离烟酒 • 第五节 勤奋健身心 • 第六节 行动黄金律

人的身体健康，重要的是身心健康。现实生活中，人最重要的是精神营养。人生哲理滋身养心,哲理 人生精业智人。有理想，才奋进，心态好，才舒畅。事业有成，饭菜就香；人际关系融洽，睡眠就安稳。 知音相伴人生路，纵是坎坷梦也香！ 思维是生命物质运动的一种形态，蛋白质是生命存在的形式。有生命才有思维，有思维才有精神

• 第一节 食品添加剂的毒性 – 一、毒性试验 – 二、食品添加剂的使用标准 • 第二节 常用食品添加剂 – 一、防腐剂及杀菌剂 – 二、抗氧化剂 – 三、漂白剂 – 四、乳化剂 – 五、膨松剂

第一节 食品的滋味和呈味物质 – 一、食品味感 – 二、甜味与甜味物质 – 三、酸味与酸味物质 – 四、苦味及苦味物质 – 五、咸味理论 – 六、其他味感和呈味物质 第二节 嗅感及嗅感物质 – 一、嗅感及影响因素 – 二、植物性食物的香气 – 三、动物性食物的气味成分 – 四、焙烤食物的香气 – 五、发酵食品的香气 – 六、香味增强剂

食物中除营养成分和虽然不一定有营养作用，但能赋予食物以应有的色、香、味等感官性状的成分外， 还常含有一些无益有害的成分，称为嫌忌成分。 这些成分来源于食物原料本身、食品加工过程、微生物污染和环境污染等。当食品中的有害成分的含 量超过一定限度时，即可造成对人体健康的损害