I THE EVIDENCE ON CONVERGENCE A Formal Legal Change B The Structure of Share Ownership C The Growth of European Stock Markets D The Emergence of an International Market for Corporate Control E A Preliminary Evaluation F The Status of the Insider-Dominated Firm II WHEN DOES SEPARATION OF OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL ARISE? A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE A The United States Experience 1 The Role of Investment Bankers 2 The New York Stock Exchange as Guardian of the Public Investor B The British Experience C A Civil-Law Contrast: The French Experience D The German Experience: Statist Intervention That Stunted the M arket E A Preliminary Summary III\ DOES LAW MATTER?\ RECONSIDERED A Law and the Decentralized Common-Law World B The Sequence of Legal Change: Reinterpreting LLS&V 1 The United States Experience 2 The Global Experience C The Political Theory of Dispersed Ownership D Implications for Transitional Economies IV C ONCLUSION

16.322 Stochastic Estimation and Control Professor Vander Velde 1. P(ABCD.=P(A)P(B A)P(C|AB)P(D 1 ABC) Derive this by letting A=CD. Then P(BCD)= P(CD)P(B ICD)= P(C)P(DIC)P(DICD) 2. If A,, A2r.. is a set of mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive events, then

1 Motivation The Poisson problem has a strong formulation a minimization formulation and a weak formulation T weak formulations are more general than the strong formulation in terms of regularity and admissible data SLIDE 2 The minimization/weak formulations are defined by: a space X; a bilinear The minimization/weak formulations identify ESSENTIAL boundary conditions NATURAL boundary conditions ed in a The points of departure for the finite element method are the weak formulation(more generally) the minimization statement (if a is SPD) 2 The dirichlet problem 2.1 Strong Formulation Find u such that

根据哈密尔顿一凯莱定理,任给数域P上一个级矩阵A,总可以找到数域 P上一个多项式f(x),使f(A)=0.如果多项式f(x)使f(A)=0,就称f(x)以A 为根当然,以为A根的多项式是很多的,其中次数最低的首项系数为1的以A为 根的多项式称为A的最小多项式这一节讨论应用最小多项式来判断一个矩阵能 否对角化的问题

1 The Number-Picking Game Here is a game that you and I could play that reveals a strange property of expectation. 3, First, you think of a probability density function on the natural numbers. Your distri- bution can be absolutely anything you like. For example, you might choose a uniform distribution on 1, 2, ... 6, like the outcome of a fair die roll. Or you might choose a bi- probability, provided that,...,n. You can even give every natural number a non-zero nomial distribution on 0, 1 he sum of all probabilities is 1

1.证明a(t)是常向量的充要条件是a(t)=0 2.证明()x()()x()+i()x 4.设向量函数a(t)满足a(t)a'=0,a(t)xa=0,证明a()是常向量。 5.证明F(t)=(2t-1,t2-2,-t2+4t)为共面向量函数

一、单项选择题 题分 20 题号 １ ２ ３ ４ ５ ６ ７ ８ ９ １０ 得分 答案 D B B A A C C C A A 题号 １１ １２ １３ １４ １５ １６ １７ １８ １９ ２０ 答案 C C C C C A A C A B

本文在文[2]的基础上,对系统$\\left\\{ {_{\\frac{{{\\rm{dy}}}}{{{\\rm{dt}}}}{\\rm{ = a - }}{{\\rm{x}}^{\\rm{2}}}{\\rm{y}}}^{\\frac{{{\\rm{dx}}}}{{{\\rm{dt}}}}{\\rm{ = b - }}{{\\rm{x}}^{\\rm{2}}}{\\rm{y}}}} \\right.\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;(1)$（其中a>0,b>0）作了更深入的研究,从而得到当a-b≤（a+b）3时,系统（1）无极限环的结论,并指出了,当a-b>（a+b）3时,系统（1）的极限环的位置及其随参数a,b的变化情况

一、单项选择题 题分 20 题号 １ ２ ３ ４ ５ ６ ７ ８ ９ １０ 得分 答案 B A A B C D C A D C 题号 １１ １２ １３ １４ １５ １６ １７ １８ １９ ２０ 答案 C A A B B C D A B D

特征值 一、基本要求 1.理解矩阵的特征值、特征向量的概念并掌握其求法; 2.了解相似矩阵的概念、性质及矩阵对角化的充要条件,会化矩阵为相似对角形 二、内容提要 1.特征值与特征向量 设A为n阶方阵,a为n维非零列向量,为一个数,使得则称为A的一个特征值,a为A对应于的一个特征向量 2.特征向量的性质 (1)对应于不同特征值的特征向量是线性无关的 (2)同一特征值的特征向量a1,a2,…,am的任意非零线性组合