Definition of pregnancy Pregnancy is defined as the course of embryo and fetal growth and development in uterine It begain at the fertilization and end the delivery of the fetal and it's attachment

A prolapse is a downward or forward displacement of one of the pelvic organs from its normal location. *A variety of terms are used to describe female genital prolapse. *A cystocele is a downward displacement of the bladder. *A cystourethrocele is a cystocele that imcludes the urethra as part of the prolapsing organ complex

定义 postpartum hemorrhage 胎儿娩出后24消失内出血量超过500ml 者称为产后出血。 目前此定义暂适用于剖宫产和平产,但 存在争议

病因 一、遗传基因缺陷 二、环境因素 三、母体因素 四、胎盘内分泌功能不足 五、免疫因素

Major causes of death for pregnancy women ( maternal mortality) Postpartum hemorrhage (28%) · heart diseases pregnancy-induced hypertension (or Amniotic fluid embolism) infection

外阴及阴道的自然防御功能 两侧大阴唇自然合拢,遮掩阴道口、尿道口 由于盆底肌的作用,阴道口闭合,阴道前后壁紧 贴,可以防止外界的污染。经产妇的阴道松弛, 这种防御功能较差 ·阴道自净作用阴道上皮在卵巢分泌的雌激素影 响下增生变厚,增加对病原体侵人的抵抗力,同 时上皮细胞中含有丰富糖原,在乳杆菌(优势菌) 作用下分解为乳酸,维持阴道正常的酸性环境 (pH≤4.5,多在3.8~4.4),使适应于弱碱性环境 中繁殖的病原体受到抑制

MENOPAUSE 1. The cessation of menses is menopause. The climacteric and perimenopausal are the periods of waning ovarian function

At the beginning of the 20th century diabetic women suffered from- infetility, and the rare women achieving pregnancy faced a poor prognosis. Maternal death'was a real threat,and perinatal survival a more 40 percent

前言 发病率约为1%4%,死 亡率为4.3/10万(2000年) ,严重的妊娠并发症。最新统计(2000年),高居我国孕产妇死因顺位第4 位,是间接产科死因的首 位(占8.5%)

定义 一、受精卵着床于子宫体腔内膜外任何部位。 二、与习称宫外孕( extrauterine pregnancy)有区别