Testing for AR(IS eria Correlation Want to be able to test for whether the errors are serially correlated or not Want to test the null thatp=0 in u,=pu, 1 +et=2.. where u is the model error

Time series vs Cross sectional e Time series data has a temporal ordering unlike cross-section data Will need to alter some of our assumptions to take into account that we no longer have a random sample of individuals Instead. we have one realization of a stochastic(i.e. random) process Economics 20- Prof anderson

Functional form e We' ve seen that a linear regression can really fit nonlinear relationships 2 Can use logs on RHS, LHS or both Can use quadratic forms ofx's Can use interactions ofx's e How do we know if we've gotten the right functional form for our model? Economics 20- Prof anderson

对于 i i i y = b + b x + ε 1 2 (与教材中的符号不同)，应记住以下 OLS 估计与检验的计算公式： (其中 n 为样本个数， k 为包括自变量和因变量在内的变量个数)

What is Heteroskedasticity Recall the assumption of homoskedastic implied that conditional on the explanator variables the variance of the unobserved error u was constant If this is not true that is if the variance of u is different for different values of thex's. then the errors are heteroskedastic

第四章 非线性模型 第五章 多重共线性 第六章 异方差 第七章 自相关

Ch. 12 Stochastic Process 1 Introduction a particularly important aspect of real observable phenomena, which the random variables concept cannot accommodate, is their time dimension; the concept of random variable is essential static. A number of economic phenomena for which we need to formulate probability models come in the form of dynamic processes

一、异方差性的概念——违反基本假设的定义及违反的原因 二、异方差性的后果——违反基本假设会造成什么样的后果 三、异方差性的检验——怎样诊断是否违反基本假设 四、出现异方差时的补救措施——如何消除或减弱对基本假设的违反 五、案例

补救序列相关的基本思路 变换存在序列相关的模型,使变换后的新模 型具有无序列相关的随机误差项,这样新模 型满足基本假设,那么运用OLS进行估计以 及进行检验,就能得到理想可信的结果。 从随机误差项入手—变序列相关的随机误差 项为无序列相关的

3.1 多元线性回归模型 3.2 回归参数的估计 3.3 参数估计量的性质 3.4 回归方程的显著性检验 3.5 中心化和标准化 3.6 相关阵与偏相关系数 3.7 本章小结与评注