Biocatalysts in organic chemical synthesis 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Micro-organisms as catalysts of organic synthesis 2.3 Enzyme preparations versus whole cell processes 2.4 Scale of production 2.5 Modes of operation of bioprocesses 2.6 Biotechnological processes verses chemical synthetic processes

4.1 Introduction 4.2 Conventional protein sources 4.3 Single cell protein 4.4 Substrates for SCP production 4.5 Micro-organisms for SCP production

5.1 Introduction 5.2 Metabolic pathways and metabolic control mechanisms 5.3 The industrial production of citric acid 5.4 The production of other TCA cycle intermediates

6.1 An introduction to antibiotics 6. 2 General strategies for the production of antibiotics 6.3 a brief history of penicillin production 6.4 Antibacterial mode of action of B-lactam antibiotics

8. 1 Introduction 8.2 Essential and nonessential amino acid Stereochemistry of amino acids 8. 4 Amino acid fermentation 8.5 Recovery of the amino acid from the fermentation broth

9.1 Introduction 9.2 The structure, roles and abundance of sterols and steroids 9.3 Selective degradation of the sterol side chain 9.4 Specific steroid interconversions and reactions 9.5 Transformation of other terpenoids

7.1 Introduction 7. 2 Origin and composition 7.3 Exopolysaccharide structure 7. 4 Medium composition for exopolysaccharide production

An introduction to biotechnological innovations in the chemical industry 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Production processes

Generation of ATP by using a across- membrane proton gradient, which is generated from electron flowing through a chain of carriers

Generation of atP by using a across- membrane proton gradient, which is generated from electron flowing through chain of carriers