1. General studies of the peptide bond 1.1 The peptide(O=C-N-H) bond was found to be shorter than the C-N bond in a simple amine and atoms attached are coplanar. 1.1.1 This was revealed by X-ray diffraction studies of amino acids and of simple dipeptides and tripeptides. 1.1.2 The peptide (amide) bond was found to be about 1.32 A (C-N single bond, 1.49; C= double bond, 1.27), thus having partial double bond feature (should be rigid and unable to rotate freely)

1. Early studies on the peptide(protein) structure 1.1 The peptide(o=c-n-h) bond was found to be shorter than the C-N bond in a simple amine and atoms attached are coplanar. 1.1.1 This was revealed by X-ray diffraction studies of amino acids and of simple dipeptides and tripeptides

The simultaneous oxidation and sulfidation of Fe 25Cr and Fe-17Cr-l.5Si-0.5Al alloys was studied at 1023K and 1223K in H2-H2O-H2S gas mixtures. The kinetic boundary which indicates the transition from oxide to sulfide has heen found in these two alloys. The critical oxygen partial pressures of Fel7Crl.5SiO.5Al alloys were systematically lower than those of Fe-25Cr alloy. The reaction kinetics were measured by the stainless steel spring balance, and the reaction products were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The reaction rate usually decreased with the increase of the oxygen partial pressure at the constant sulfur partial pressure. The exista-nce of silicon plays an important role to suppress the sulfidation of Fel7Cr alloy

Lab 1 Target hitting through collisio Lab 2 Torsional pendulum Lab 3 The latent heat of vaporization of liquid nitrogen Lab 4 Digital Storage Oscilloscopes Lab 5 Wheatstone bridge Lab 6 Magnetic field variation along the axis of a circular coil and a Helmholtz Lab 7 Converging Lens Lab 8 Frank-Hertz experiment with Neon Lab 9 X-ray experiment

SPIRIT UPDATE: Spirit probes deeper into 'Clovis'outcrop-sol 209-218, August 23,2004 Spirit continued work over the past nine sols at a rock called \Clovis.\ The rover used roscop its rock abrasion tool, microscopic imager, alpha particle X-ray- spectrometer,and Mossbauer spectrometer to probe deeper into the history of this rock. Clovis is the most altered rock encountered by Spirit to date. It is part of a rock outcrop located on the\West Spur\ of the \Columbia

根据激发源的不同,电子能谱又分为: 射线光电子能谱(简称xPS) (X-Ray Photoelectron Spectrometer) 紫外光电子能谱(简称UPS) (Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectrometer) 俄歇电子能谱(简称AES) (Auger Electron Spectrometer)

X-Ray diffraction is an important and powerful tool for determining the solid state structure of compounds. Modern advances have made data collection and structure solution almost routine for many small molecules To use this technique, however, good quality single crystals are still needed. In this exercise you will experiment with the art of growing single crystals

Primary Structure Sequencing Nucleic Acids核酸序列测定 Chain termination method (dideoxy method), developed by F. Sanger Base-specific chemical cleavage, developed by Maxam and Gilbert Both use autoradiography- X-ray film develops in response to presence of radioactive isotopes in nucleic acid molecules

§17-1 The Coherence of Light 光的 相干性 §17-2 Two Beams Interference 双缝干涉 §17-3 Optic Path & Optic Path Difference 光程与光程差 §17-4 Interference by Division of Amplitude 薄膜干涉⎯⎯ 等厚条纹 §17-5 Michelson’ Interferometer 麦克耳孙干涉仪 Part One Interference of Light 第一部分 光的干涉 §17-7 Diffraction from Single Slit 单缝的夫琅和费衍射 §17-6 Diffraction of Light Huygens-Fresnel’s Principle 光的衍射现象 惠更斯⎯ 菲涅耳原 理 Part Two Diffraction of Light 第二部分 光的衍射 §17-8 Diffraction Grating 光栅衍射 §17-10 x-ray Diffraction 射线的衍射（自学） §17-9 Resolving Power of Optical Instrument 光学仪器的分辨本领（自学） §17-11 Nature Light & Polarized Light 自然光和偏振光 Polarization of Light Law of Malus 起偏和检偏 马吕斯定律 §17-12 Polarization by Reflection 反射和折射时光的偏振 §17-13 Double Reflection 光的双折射（自学） §17-14 Optic Strese Analysis（自学） Part Three Polarization of Light 第三部分 光的偏振

• Introduction • Detectors • A brief history of X-ray astronomy • X-ray targets • Imaging technique • X-ray observatories • Future • Cosmic X-ray Background (CXB)