cell receptor when complexed with MHC,are called antigens. The molecular properties of antigens and he way in which these properties ultimately contribute to immune activation are central to our understanding of the mmune system. This chapter describes some of the molecu- Complementarity of Interacting Surfaces of Antibody(left) lar features of antigens recognized by B or T cells. The chap and Antigen(rig ter also explores the contribution made to immunogenicity by the biological system of the host; ultimately the biological system determines whether a molecule that combines with a a Immunogenicity Versus Antigenicity Bor T cells antigen-binding receptor can then induce an im
General Consideration Antenatal cardiovascular changes Blood volume increase by 40%-60%0 Peaking at 32-34 weeks the expansion in plasma volume is greater than that expansion of red cell mass Cardiac output Increase by 40%6-50% Peaking at 20-24 weeks
Expression of many genes in cells are requlated Housekeeping genes expressed constitutively, essential for basic processes involving in cell replication and growth. Inducible genes expressed only when they are activated by inducers or cellular factors
Cytoplasmic Membrane System or Cytomembranes Internal Membrane or Endomembrane System(EMS) Includes: nuclear envelopes, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi complex(GC), lysosomes and a variety of vesicles or vacuoles. Although each of these membranous organelles has its own distinct structure
