一、概述 GIS 的开发建设和应用是一项系统工程，涉及到系统的最优设计、最优控制运行、最优 管理，以及人、财、物资源的合理投入、配置和组织等诸多复杂问题。需要运用系统工程、 软件工程等的原理和方法，结合空间信息系统的特点进行实施建设。GIS 的用户不要认为购 置了 GIS 硬软件就已大功告成

Project management encompasses all the activities needed to plan and execute a project: Deciding what needs to be done Estimating costs Ensuring there are suitable people to undertake the project

Definition: Design is a problem-solving process whose objective is to find and describe a way: —To implement the system’s functional requirements... —While respecting the constraints imposed by the non-functional requirements... - including the budget

10 Stakeholder reactions to situations particular type of work. On the other hand, he or she may be relieved about not being put out of wort i a)*. The user may be disappointed, since he or she might be looking forward to no longer having to do ince many people believe that software systems are easy to develop; they underestimate the complexity of tasks that are to be automated

The Unified Modelling Language is a standard graphical language for modelling object oriented software At the end of the 1980s and the beginning of 1990s, the first object￾oriented development processes appeared The proliferation of methods and notations tended to cause

Software engineers should avoid re-developing software already developed Types of reuse: Reuse of expertise Reuse of standard designs and algorithms

Software is intangible Hard to understand development effort Software is easy to reproduce Cost is in its development —in other engineering products, manufacturing is the costly stage

一、名词解释 1、会计电算化 2、软件工程 3、快速原型法 4、甩帐

1. 为什么要使用设计模式 要真正掌握软件设计，必须研究软件设计大师的成功设计，这些设计中 包含了许多设计模式。 定义：一个设计模式是对某特定环境下的某类问题 的解决方法。 使用设计模式的好处：

1. 什么是配置图 配置图（deployment diagram）也称部署图、实施图： 配置图可以用来显示系统中计算结点的拓扑结构和 通信路径与结点上运行的软件组件等。 配置图是对OO系统物理方面建模的两个图之一。 一个系统模型只有一个配置图，常用于分布式系统 建模