More reactive than benzene toward electrophilic substitution NO2 An deactivating group Less reactive than benzene toward electrophilic substitution Ortho-para director Meta director

The most characteristic reactions of benzenoid arenes are the substitution reactions that occur when they react with electrophilic reagents. The electrophiles are either a positive ion (E+) or some other electron-deficient species with a large partial positive charge

A UV-Vis spectrophotometer measures the amount of light absorbed at each wavelength of the UV and visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. λmax— the wavelength of maximum absorption

第一节 概述 第二节 病原微生物的致病作用——细菌性传染机制 第三节 非特异免疫 第四节 特异性免疫 第五节 免疫学的应用 第六节 免疫学方法

Conjugated unsaturated systems have a p orbital on a carbon adjacent to a double bond The p orbital can come from another double or triple bond The p orbital may be the empty p orbital of a carbocation or a p orbital with a single electron in it (a radical)

Primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes and carboxylic acids

10.7 The Geometry of Alkyl Radicals 10.8 Reactions That Generate Tetrahedral Stereocenters 10.9 Radical Addition to Alkenes: TheAnti-Markovnikov Addition ofHydrogen Bromide

10.3 The Reactions of Alkanes with Halogens 10.3 A Multiple Substitution Reactions Versus Selectivity 10.4 Chlorination of Methane:Mechanism of Reaction

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一、课程目标 本课程是为继续教育学院开设的研究生课程，旨在介绍计算机图形学的基本概念、理 论、方法和系统，既向学生传授图形学的经典方法和最新成果，也注重培养学生动手实践 能力。本课程课堂学习 48 学时