Time series vs Cross sectional e Time series data has a temporal ordering unlike cross-section data Will need to alter some of our assumptions to take into account that we no longer have a random sample of individuals Instead. we have one realization of a stochastic(i.e. random) process Economics 20- Prof anderson

What is Heteroskedasticity Recall the assumption of homoskedastic implied that conditional on the explanator variables the variance of the unobserved error u was constant If this is not true that is if the variance of u is different for different values of thex's. then the errors are heteroskedastic

Redefining variables Changing the scale of the y variable will lead to a corresponding change in the scale of the coefficients and standard errors. so no change in the significance or interpretation Changing the scale of one x variable will lead to a change in the scale of that coefficient and standard error, so no change in the significance or interpretation Economics 20- Prof anderson

Assumptions of the classical Linear Model (Clm) e So far, we know that given the Gauss Markov assumptions, OLS IS BLUE e In order to do classical hypothesis testing we need to add another assumption(beyond the Gauss-Markov assumptions) Assume that u is independent of x,x2…,xk and u is normally distributed with zero mean and variance 0: u- Normal(0, 02) Economics 20- Prof anderson

Some Terminology o In the simple linear regression model where y=Bo+ Bx+ u, we typically refer to y as the a Dependent variable, or a Left-Hand Side Variable. or Explained variable, or Regressand

一、医用 二、食用 三、工业用 四、指示植物 五、农业用 六、观赏

其他蔬菜病害 我国蔬菜种类很多,除了上述的十字花科、茄科、葫芦科和豆科外,还有芹菜、胡 萝卜、菠菜、莴苣、葱、韭菜、大蒜、姜、洋葱、芦笋、黄花菜以及各种蘑菇等。病害 仍然是威胁这些蔬菜生产的重要障碍之一,有些病害如芹菜斑枯病和早疫病,葱紫斑病 和霜霉病,姜的腐烂病,韭菜灰霉病以及多种蘑菇病害常常造成严重的经济损失,及时 有效地防治这些病害具有重要意义

苹果病害简介 苹果是我国的重要果树,病害是威胁苹果生产的主要障碍之一。据报道,苹果病害约有 100余中,按危害部位常分为果实病害、叶部病害、枝干病害和根部病害 果实病害中,常见且危害严重的有苹果果实轮纹病、炭疽病、霉心病、褐腐病和锈果病 等。苹果果实轮纹病是近年来苹果生产上最重要的烂果病,经常造成极其严重的经济损失, 某些感病品种如金冠和富士等,在发病严重年份采收时病果率可达50%以上,贮藏一个月 后烂果率会更高。炭疽病又称苦腐病,在全国各苹果产区均有发生,尤其以夏季高温、多雨、 潮湿地区最为严重,也是重要的果实病害之一

小麦叶锈病是禾谷类锈病中分布最广、发生最普遍的一种小麦病害,全世界小麦种植区, 包括北美、欧洲、亚洲、澳洲、非洲等的许多国家都有发生。中国小麦叶锈病以西南和长江 流域一带发生较重,华北和东北部分麦区也较重。华北冬麦区1969、1973、1975和1979 年叶锈病大流行,东北春麦区1971、1973、1975和1980年中度流行,均造成相当大的经济 损失

• 可持续发展 – 定义与背景 – 内涵与原则 • 可持续发展能力建设 – 能力建设与保障体系 • 城市与城市可持续发展 – 城市的特点 – 城市可持续发展的定义 • 城市环境和可持续发展指标 –案例 –城市指标的发展现状评析 –经济指标的考核—GDP？？ • 城市生态可持续发展 –特点与基本原则 –实现途径