Esters, like aldehydes and ketones, are weakly acidic. When an ester with an alpha hydrogen is treated with one equivalent of a base such as sodium ethoxide, a reversible condensation reaction occurs to yield a β−keto ester product. This reaction between two ester components is known as the Claisen condensation reaction

Carboxylic acids are just one member of a class of acyl derivatives, RCOY, where the acyl group is bonded to an electronegatives substituent -Y that can act as a leaving group in substitution reactions. Numerous acyl derivatives are possible, but we’ll be concerned only with four of the more common ones, in addition to carboxylic acids themselves: acid halides, acid anhydrides, esters, and amides

More environment-friendly methods Natural insect attractants — instead pesticide Less reactive compounds organic refrigerants and aerosol propellant — instead Freon (that destroy the Earth’s ozone layer) Cars with more efficient combustion engines — reduce the massive amount of automobile

Conjugated unsaturated systems have a p orbital on a carbon adjacent to a double bond The p orbital can come from another double or triple bond The p orbital may be the empty p orbital of a carbocation or a p orbital with a single electron in it (a radical)

第一章 绪论 第二章 烷烃 第三章 烯烃 第四章 炔烃 二烯烃 红外光谱 第五章 指环烃 第六章 单环芳烃 第七章 多环芳烃和非苯芳烃 第八章 立体化学 第九章 卤代烃 第十章 醇和醚

A UV-Vis spectrophotometer measures the amount of light absorbed at each wavelength of the UV and visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. λmax— the wavelength of maximum absorption

Compounds were classified as being either aliphatic or aromatic in the latter part of the nineteenth century. To be classified as aliphatic meant then that the chemical behavior of a compound was “fatlike”. To be classified as aromatic meant then that the compound had a low hydrogen/carbon ratio and that it was “fragrant

从茶叶中提取咖啡因 薄层色谱分离法 正溴丁烷的制备 肉桂酸的制备 苯胺的制备 乙酰苯胺的制备 呋喃甲醇和呋喃甲酸的制备 乙酰水杨酸的制备 甲基橙的制备

The most characteristic reactions of benzenoid arenes are the substitution reactions that occur when they react with electrophilic reagents. The electrophiles are either a positive ion (E+) or some other electron-deficient species with a large partial positive charge

More reactive than benzene toward electrophilic substitution NO2 An deactivating group Less reactive than benzene toward electrophilic substitution Ortho-para director Meta director