2.2 Estimating Overall Forces -Vertical dead loads(5～10kN/m²) -Vertical live loads = equivalent dead loads(2～5kN/m²) - Horizontal wind load - Horizontal earthquake load 2.3 Aspect Ratios and Overturn Resistance Aspect ratio (h/d) is one of the main considerations in schematic level. It is very important for overall stability of a building against overturning. 2.4 Strength and Stiffness of Buildings Carrying capacity –enough strength (against loads) Rigidity of building – enough stiffness (against deformation) 2.5 Symmetry and Asymmetry in Building Forms Asymmetry building is caused by: - asymmetry of building elevation - asymmetry of supporting system - asymmetry of dead loads or live loads
