如果不能达到要求,就必须要做些改变。 但是需要改变什么呢?设计师首先要进行需求分析,明确问题所在,这项工作并不简单, 实际的许多问题往往并不像表面看到的那样。在确定问题之后,设计师还要分析造成问题的 原因,提出一些解决问题的办法,单纯依靠教学就能解决问题的情况太少了,为了有效地解 决问题,常常需要综合多种变化之道 设计师通过使用某种类型的需求评估过程推导出教学目的,目的一般表述为为了满足某 个需要学习者必须获得的技能、知识和态度,这类目的描述语句常常使用“解决”、“运用” “管理”等动词,重在学习者学完后能够做什么,以及在什么样的真实环境中运用新学技能

一、商务谈判人员的个体素质 二、商务谈判人员的群体构成 三、商务谈判人员的管理

Objectives Course Organization Tasks of Marketing Major Concepts Tools of Marketing Marketplace Orientations Marketing's Responses to New Challenges

Product Characteristics Building Managing the Product Mix& Product Lines Brand decisions Packaging& Labeling

Types of Costs Fixed Costs Variable costs (Overhead) Costs that don°t Costs that do vary vary with sales or directly with the production levels level of production

Objectives a Retailing n Wholesaling a Market logistics

Objectives Developing Managing an Advertising Program Deciding on Media Measuring Effectiveness Sales Promotion Public relations

High Performance Business Set strategies to satisfy key. Stake- holders By improving Processes critical business and Resources aligning a Organization

Research Approaches observational Focus-group Survey Behavioral Experimental C2000 Prentice Hall

Analyzing Consumer Markets and Buying Behavior Marketing Management Tenth edition Philip Kotler