一、地球上的生命 二、生态学的形成与发展 三、生态学研究的目的

0、导论 1、发展中国家的特征与分类 2、制度与制度竞争力 3、经济体制比较分析 4、贫困的制度分析 5、经济发展及其度量 6、经济增长及其衡量指标

一、工业化(industrialization) 1、什么是工业化? 定义:一国借助于物质资本与人力资本,逐步增大加工原料、制成消费品和资本品以及供给劳务的能力的过程。通常以工业总产值占GDP的比例来衡量工业化的程度-工业化包括:工业化的含义、工业化发展战略、工业化的过程、工业化与经济发展格局

一、关于“手”的理论。 二、政府在经济中应该做什么? 三、政府在经济中不该做什么? 四、总结

The aim of this chapter is to identify the important factors in food product development to be studied in detail in the succeeding chapters. Firstly the different groups of food products are identified as a basis for organising product strategy. Then the published research on the factors in product failure and product success in all types of industries is used to identify the key factors in food product development. This leads into the management of product development at three different levels:

The ability of a company to build a knowledge core and continuously create new nowledge is critical to the success of product development. There are four areas where knowledge is needed for product development the different cultures of the world their needs wants and attitudes. and how they can assimilate and absorb new products

Product development management in the food system is complex, long term and capital intensive. It is total company management involving every function in the company- so it is managing either a microcosm of the company or an integration of the company functions. For a major innovation, the company may set up a new venture company or division; or a new group of people may form a new company. At this time when many new companies are being formed on the innovations of information technology and biotechnology, it is interesting to speculate on new venture companies in the food industry and the basis of their new innovations. But at the present time

Best practice in product development is a dynamic target. Not only are new practices being developed and refined but the differences in organisations demand the tailored application of these practices. There are eight basic companies, all projects and at all times. But the company philosoph knowledge, skills and assets change; and these changes cause changes in the types of product innovations and the activities in product development Successful companies recognise that product development is an important strategic issue that demands constant attention. There is a need to evaluate the product development performance and the product development success rate

abilities for pd manas alysis23-4,128-30 activities 20. 95.144-6 ive 74-5 commercialisation 119-23. 322-4 and operational 71-6 337-8,342-3 consumer and industrial products apple product development 317, 319-26 318-9 design and process development assessment tool and methodology(ATM) 112-14,322,336-7,341-2

Managing innovation is a necessary skill for senior management of all food companies producing new raw materials, new ingredients or new consumer products. Company growth and even survival depends on the introduction of successful new products into old and new markets. The dividing line between product success and failure depends on many factors, but the most important are new product qualities, skills and resources of the company, market and marketing proficiency, and an organised product development process