Tectonic Earthquakes Most earthquakes occur at plate margins due to tension, compression or shearing forces. Rocks at plate margins are in constant motion and are being pushed, pulled, bent, twisted and folded

Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles The unifying theme in this section is the remarkable weakness of major faults. I will consider the diverse new evidence for weakness, and the evidence for high pore pressure localized in faults as a fundamental cause. With this background one can better understand why faults remain active even after large rotations with

Brittle deformation = the permanent change that occurs in a solid material due to the growth of fractures and/or sliding on fractures. A fracture is a surface of discontinuity (includes cracks, joints and faults). Faults result from shear stresses, and joints result from tensile stresses:

The change in volume or shape of an object that results from stress is called strain. The response of rocks to stress can be divided into - elastic response: rock returns to original shape - ductile or plastic response: permanent deformation without fracture; occurs above the so-called elastic limit

We will now approach the function A(a) from an entirely different point of view, i.e.,we will interpret the S-fabric in terms of strain1. (1.) We assume that the initial fabric is defined by a random orientation of surface, i.e.,that the ODF of the surface is uniform;

一、名词解释（20 分，每小题 2 分） 1. 递进变形：从初始状态至最终状态之间，岩石变形的全过程，用于理解和描述变形 过程（演化）。）

一、简述大陆岩石圈的分层性与岩石圈结构 实验岩石变形研究揭示出，岩石圈的流变性可以出现在不同温度、压力条件下，并且包括了 各种脆性、韧性变形机制。这些流变学机制的出现，不仅与岩石圈的组成、地球化学背景有关， 而且与其所处的物理环境（即与深度有关的温、压条件）和大地构造背景有着内在联系，由此可 以将地壳断裂带乃至大陆岩石圈划分出不同的流变学域

一、解释下列术语： 1. 双重构造；2. 有效应力；3. 铲状断层；4. 花状构造；5. 石香肠构造与窗棂构造

一、基本概念 1．均匀应变与非均匀应变；2．蠕变与松驰；3．压溶作用；4．晶质塑性；5．叠加褶皱；6．断 层擦痕的倾伏与侧伏；7．深成侵入岩体形成的底辟作用与气球膨胀作用；8．岩石再造作用

早在 19 世纪，Sorby（1863）就提出了经受变形的岩石可以发生化学变化， 这是最早的构造地球化学的萌芽思想。到了 20 世纪中叶，一些学者已开展了对 构造地球化学的理论探讨（Fyfe，1964；Ramsay，1967；Rice，1975），对有关 构造地球化学动力分异作用（如变质分异作用、热逸脱作用