编程语言分为低级语言和高级语言。最 低级的语言是“机器语言”,其次是 “汇编语言”,最高级的是BASIC,c等等语 言。 软件的构造:电脑软件,是人们为了告 诉电脑要做什么事而编写的,电脑能够 理解的一串指令,有时也叫代码、程序

1引言 1.1编写目的 说明编写这份软件需求说明书的目的,指出预期的读者。 1.2背景 说明:

1 Introduction 2 SAS Language 2.1 Proc Step and Data Step 2.2 SAS Logical Library 2.2.1 Access SAS file 2.2.2 View SAS library and file 3 SAS Programming 3.1 Reading data by DATA STEP 3.2 Output format 3.3 Manipulate datasets 3.3.1 SET statement 3.3.2 SORT proc 3.4 Logical statements 3.4.1 IF-THEN statement 3.4.2 SELECT-WHEN statement 3.4.3 DO-ENDS statement 3.4.4 DO-WHILE DO-UNTIL statement 3.5 OPERATIONS 4 Basic statistical analysis 4.1 Descriptive Statistics Proc 4.1.1 MEANS proc 4.1.2 SUMMARY proc 4.1.3 UNIVARIATE proc 4.1.4 TABULATE PROC 4.1.5 GCHART proc 4.1.6 GPLOT proc 4.2 INFERENTIAL Statistics 4.2.1 T-TEST 4.2.2 Chi-square tests 4.2.3 Correlation 4.2.4 Regression

1 Programming 1.1 M file 1.1.1 Program Control Statements 1.1.2 M-File Functions 1.2 anonymous functions 2 Computational statistics with Matlab 2.1 Functions on Probability and Statistics 2.1.1 Probability distribution 2.1.2 Descriptive statistics 2.1.3 Statistical plotting 2.1.4 Linear model 2.1.5 Multivariate Statistics 2.2 Monte Carlo with Matlab 2.2.1 Monte Carlo Assessment of Hypothesis Testing 2.2.2 MCMC with matlab 3 Symbolic computation with matlab 3.1 Creating Symbolic Variables and Expressions 3.2 Calculus 4 Optimization 4.1 Unconstrained Minimization Example 4.2 Nonlinear Inequality Constrained Example

1 Introduction 1.1 GUI and Basic functions 1.1.1 Command Window 1.1.2 Command History 1.1.3 MatLab Help 2 Data in MatLab 2.1 Manipulating data 2.1.1 Creating Objects 2.1.2 Operators 3 Graphics 3.1 Use plotting tools 3.2 Use the command interface 3.2.1 Basic plots 3.2.2 Adding Plots to an Existing Graph 3.2.3 Multiple Plots in One Figure 3.2.4 Controlling the Axes 3.2.5 Axis Labels and Titles 3.3 Mesh and Surface Plots 3.4 Creating Specialized Plots 3.5 Advanced plotting

1 Numerical optimization methods in R 1.1 Root-finding in one dimension 1.1.1 Bisection method 1.1.2 Brent’s method 1.1.3 Newton’s method 1.1.4 Fisher scoring 1.2 multivariate optimization 1.2.1 Newton’s method and Fisher scoring 1.3 Numerical Integration 1.4 Maximum Likelihood Problems 1.5 Optimization Problems 1.5.1 One-dimension Optimization 1.5.2 multi-dimensional Optimization 1.6 Linear Programming

1 EM optimization method 1.1 EM algorithm 1.2 Convergence 1.3 Usage in exponential families 1.4 Usage in finite normal mixtures 1.5 Variance estimation 1.5.1 Louis method 1.5.2 SEM algorithm 1.5.3 Bootstrap method 1.5.4 Empirical Information 1.6 EM Variants 1.6.1 Improving the E step 1.6.2 Improving the M step 1.7 Pros and Cons

1 Markov Chain Monte Carlo Methods 1.4 The Gibbs Sampler 1.4.1 The Slice Gibbs Sampler 1.5 Monitoring Convergence 1.5.1 Convergence diagnostics plots 1.5.2 Monte Carlo Error 1.5.3 The Gelman-Rubin Method 1.6 WinBUGS Introduction 1.6.1 Building Bayesian models in WinBUGS 1.6.2 Model specification in WinBUGS 1.6.3 Data and initial value specification 1.6.4 Compiling model and simulating values

1 Markov Chain Monte Carlo Methods 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Integration problems in Bayesian inference 1.1.2 Markov Chain Monte Carlo Integration 1.1.3 Markov Chain 1.2 The Metropolis-Hastings Algorithm 1.2.1 Metropolis-Hastings Sampler 1.2.2 The Metropolis Sampler 1.2.3 Random Walk Metropolis 1.2.4 The Independence Sampler 1.3 Single-component Metropolis Hastings Algorithms 1.4 Application: Logistic regression

1 Bootstrap and Jackknife 1.1 The Bootstrap 1.1.1 Bootstrap Estimation of Standard Error 1.1.2 Bootstrap Estimation of Bias 1.2 Jackknife 1.3 Jackknife-after-Bootstrap 1.4 Bootstrap Confidence Intervals 1.4.1 The Standard Normal Bootstrap Confidence Interval 1.4.2 The Percentile Bootstrap Confidence Interval 1.4.3 The Basic Bootstrap Confidence Interval 1.4.4 The Bootstrap t interval 1.5 Better Bootstrap Confidence Intervals 1.6 Application: Cross Validation