1. Principles of membrane transport; 2. Passive transport and active transport; 3. Two main classes of membrane transport proteins: Carriers and Channels; 4. The ion transport systems; 5. Endocytosis and Phagocytosis: cellular uptake of macromolecules and particles

(1) Mitochondria: in all eukaryotic cells The relationship between the structure and function of mit. (2) Chloroplasts: in plant cells The relationship between the structure and function of chl. Mit: Oxidative phosphorylation→ ATP Chl: Photosynthesis→ ATP+NADPH→ Sugar

Cell signaling can affect virtually every aspect of cell structure and function: Activation of enzyme activity;  Change in cytoskeletal organization;  Change in ion permeability;  Initiation of DNA synthesis;  Activation or repression of gene expression

1. Compartmentalization in Eukaryotic Cells; 2. The structural and functional relationship between the ER, Golgi complexes, lysosomes and plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells; 3. The pathways of proteins targeting and sorting, and its mechanisms; 4. The ways of protein modifications and intracellular sites after they are synthesized; 5. Types of vesicle transport and their functions

扁形动物门的特征，代表性动物，分类，与人类的关系（重要病原体及其生活史）

棘皮动物门的主要特征，代表性动物及其特征，棘皮动物门的分类，检索表及其编写。 脊椎动物与无脊椎动物的主要区别，脊索动物门的主要特征，尾索动物的特征及代表性动物，头索动物的特征及代表性动物，脊索动物门的分类 圆口纲的主要特征，代表性动物，圆口纲的分类

动物从水生向陆生的过渡，两栖纲的主要特征，代表性动物，两栖纲的分类，两栖动物面临的威胁

明确本学期的学习目标。了解变态心理学学科的历史与发展，心理障碍的分类及分类标准。了解心理障碍的生物-心理-社会模型，并从这三个角度概述与心理障碍相关的理论与重要流派

掌握细胞再生和干细胞的一般概念，干细胞的特征、特性，胚胎干细胞的获取方法。了解其它种类的干细胞，再生和医学的关系

掌握细胞分化的一般概念，理解细胞的分化潜能的分类，掌握细胞分化和基因表达关系，调控和影响细胞分化的因素，了解细胞分化与恶性变关系