We define the ratio of the phasor voltage to the phasor current as impedance

The complete response is written as the sum of the forced and the natural response, and the initial conditions are then determined and applied to the complete response to find the values of the constants

We define the unit-step forcing function as a function which is zero for all values of argument which are less than zero and which is unity(1) for all positive values of its argument

Let us first define a linear element as passive element that has a linear voltage-current relationship

A point at which two or more elements have common connection is called node(节点). Suppose that we start at one node in a network and move through a simple element to the node at the other..., if no node was encountered more than once, then the set of nodes and elements that we have passed hrough is defined as path(路径)

2.1 SOME NOTATION 1. The Summation Notation X, =X1++...+n can be abbreviated as:Σx,orΣx 2. Properties of the Summation Operator

Working on a vacuum manifold: See LLP chapter 9.2 for an excellent discussion on working with air-sensitive reagents, including how to use a two-way manifold. De-gassing solvents: The best way to remove water and oxygen from a solvent is to distill it over an appropriate drying agent (such as sodium). This can sometimes be a lengthy (and dangerous)task. Since we

A pendulum is a rigid body suspended from a fixed point (hinge) which is offset with respect to the body's center of mass. If all the mass is assumed to be concentrated at a point, we obtain the idealized simple pendulum. Pendulums have played an important role in the history of dynamics. Galileo identified the pendulum as the first example of synchronous motion, which led to the first successful clock developed

Public Finance Defined Public finance is about the taxing and spending activities of the government. Also known as \public sector economics\or \public economics.\ Focus is on microeconomic functions of government- polices that affect overall unemployment or price levels are left for macroeconomics

1, Public finance,also known as public sector economics or public economics, focuses on the taxing and spending activities of government and their influence on the allocation of resources and distribution of income. 财政学,即公共经济学,焦点是税收和政府支出以及它们在分配资源和分配收入上的影响