In this lecture, we will start from the general relative motion concepts introduced in lectures D11 and D12. and then apply them to describe the motion of 2D rigid bodies. We will think of a rigid body as a system of particles in which the distance between any two particles stays constant. The term 2-dimensional implies that particles move in parallel planes. This includes, for instance, a planar body moving within its plane

An accelerometer is a device used to measure linear acceleration without an external reference. The main idea has already been illustrated in the previous lecture with the example of the boy in the elevator. Clearly, if we know the weight of the boy when the acceleration is zero, we can determine from the reading on the scale the value of the acceleration. In summary, the acceleration will produce an inertial force on a test mass, and this force can be nulled and measured with precision. Below we have sketch of a very simple one axis accelerometer

Inertial reference frames In the previous lecture, we derived an expression that related the accelerations observed using two reference frames, A and B, which are in relative motion with respect to each other. aA =aB+(aA/ B)'y'' 22 x (DA/ B) 'y'2'+ TA/B+ X TA/B). (1) Here, aA is the acceleration of particle A observed by one observer, and

Non-Inertial Reference Frame Gravitational attraction The Law of Universal Attraction was already introduced in lecture D1. The law postulates that the force of attraction between any two particles, of masses M and m, respectively, has a magnitude, F, given by F= (1) where r is the distance between the two particles, and G is the universal constant of gravitation. The value of G is empirically determined to be

固体的分类：按原子(或分子)的聚集状态分为晶体和非晶体（可以互相转换）。晶体的特点：基本质点在空间规则排列,具有规则的外形；具有一定熔点；各向异性

In the previous lecture, we related the motion experienced by two observers in relative translational motion with respect to each other. In this lecture we will extend this relation to our third type of observer.That is, observers who accelerate and rotate with respect to each other. As a matter of illustration, let us consider a very simple situation, in which a particle at rest with respect

In the previous lectures we have described particle motion as it would be seen by an observer standing still at a fixed origin. This type of motion is called absolute motion. In many situations of practical interest, we find ourselves forced to describe the motion of bodies while we are simultaneously moving with respect to a more basic reference. There are many examples were such situations occur. The absolute motion of a passenger inside an aircraft is best

一、环境的概念 环境是指与某一体系有关的周围客观事物的总和。根据研究问题的需要和某种研究目的，人 为地将研究对象从周围物体中分割出来，这种人为划定的一定范围内的研究对象称为体系，即中 心事物。相对于某一中心事物有关的周围事物，就是这个中心事物的环境。因此，不同的中心事 物具有不同的环境，即环境随着中心事物的变化而变化

环境问题是指由于自然或人类活动使环境质量发生变化，从而带来不利于人类生产、生活和 健康的结果，其重要特点就是从局部地区的环境污染向全球性环境问题发展。当前人类面临的环 境问题很多，很难区分哪些是最重要的。本章把主要的环境问题划分为全球（大气）环境问题， 生态环境问题及社会环境问题三部分分别进行介绍

一、固体废物的定义 固体废物（solid wastes）亦称废物，是指人类在生产、加工、流通、消费以及生活等过 程中提取所需目的成分之后，所丢弃的固态或泥浆状的物质。 随着人类社会文明的发展，人们在索取和利用自然资源从事生产和生活活动时，由于客观 条件的限制，总要把其中的一部分作为废物丢弃。另外，由于各种产品本身也有其使用寿命， 超过了寿命期限，也会成为废物