Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry Fourth Edition David L. Nelson (U. of Wisconsin-Madison) Michael. Cox(U. of Wisconsin-Madison) 1. The Foundations of Biochemistry 1.1 Cellular Foundations 1.2 Chemical Foundations 1.3 Physical Foundations 1.4 Genetic Foundations 1.5 Evolutionary Foundations

第一节 核酸的化学组成及其结构 The Chemical Component and Primary Structure of Nucleic Acid 第二节 DNA的分子结构 Dimensional Structure of DNA 第三节 RNA的分子结构 Structure of RNA 第四节 核酸的理化性质 The Physical and Chemical Characters of Nucleic Acid 第五节 核苷酸的代谢 Metabolism of Nucleotides

Background OF TECHN Why is Software Engineering Hard? “Curse of flexibility \And they looked upon the software and saw that it was good. But they just had to add one other feature ... No physical constraints

Lecture 1 Introduction and classification of geometric modeling forms 1.1 Motivation Geometric modeling deals with the mathematical representation of curves, surfaces, and solids necessary in the definition of complex physical or engineering objects. The associated field of computational geometry is concerned with the development, analysis, and computer implemen tation of algorithms encountered in geometric modeling. The objects we are concerned with in engineering range from the simple

Used for analyzing network performance In packet networks, events are random Random packet arrivals Random packet lengths While at the physical layer we were concerned with bit-error-rate, at the network layer we care about delays How long does a packet spend waiting in buffers?

2.1 Modeling of physical systems Model of system-the relationship between variables in system Differential Equation (mathematic model) (parameter model) · Block Diagram and Transfer

Idea Develops the concept of chemical potential and shows how it can be used to account for the equilibrium composition of chemical reaction Equilibrium co

Measurement of Work to determine the \direction\ of a process: \direction\--spontaneous--irreversible --non-spontaneous-- reversible --equilibrium

热力学定律— Helmholtz and Gibbs energies Consider a system in thermal equilibrium with surroundings, at temp. T For change in the system with transfer of heat, the Clausius inequality is

热力学第一定律 热化学(ThermoChemistry) 1.吸热反应&放热反应 2.标准态:指定温度(通常是298.15K),一个标准大气压 标准焓变ΔH°:变化前后物质都处于标准态. 3.热化学方程式:注明状态 标准摩尔焓变△Hm;标准反应焓变ΔrH°