Functional groups The structural features that make it possible to classify compounds by reactivity are called functional groups. A functional group is a part of a larger molecule and is composed of an atom or a group of atoms that have a characteristic chemical behavior. The Chemistry of every organic molecules

An acid is a substance that can donate (or lose) a proton, A base is a substance that can accept (or remove) a proton

The primary source of alkanes is petroleum Natural gas consists chiefly of methane, but ethane, propane, butane, and isobutane are also present. Petroleum is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that must be refined into different fraction before it can be used

Cycloalkanes with only one ring are named by attaching the prefix cyclo- to the names of the alkanes possessing the same number of carbon atoms

The C—X bond of alkyl halides is polarized. The carbon atom bears a partial positive charge, The halogen atom a partial negative charge

SN2 reactions are highly useful in organic synthesis because they enable use to convert one functional group into another —— functional group transformation (functional group interconversion)

In the addition of HX to an unsymmetrically substituted alkene, the hydrogen atom adds to the carbon atom of the double bond that already has the greater number of hydrogen atoms and that the X group adds to the carbon having more alkyl substituents. Markovnikov’s rule can be restated by saying that, in the addition of HX to an alkene, the more stable carbocation intermediate is formed

There is a group of compounds in which carbon forms only two bonds. These neutral divalent carbon compounds are called carbenes. Most carbenes are highly unstable compounds that are capable of only fleeting existence. Soon after carbenes are formed they usually react with another molecule

These spectra are often called carbon magnetic resonance (CMR) spectra or 13C NMR spectra. In some important ways 13C spectra are usually les complex and easier to interpret than proton (1H) NMR spectra

A mass spectrometer produces a spectrum of masses based on the structure of a molecule. It is a spectrum or plot of the distribution of ion masses corresponding to the formula weight of a molecule, fragments derived from the molecule, or both