第一节 免疫系统和免疫球蛋白 第二节 免疫球蛋白基因的重组和体细胞突变 第三节 免疫球蛋白重链恒定区基因 第四节 T细胞抗原受体基因

Staudinger(施陶丁格):高分子科学的奠基人 一、1920年发表论文“聚合反应”(德国化学会通讯) 二、1930年高分子学说逐渐被接受 三、突破有机化学的传统观念,首先提出了高分子观念

28.1 Introduction 28.2 Transforming viruses carry oncogenes 28.3 Early genes of DNA transforming viruses have multifunction oncogenes 28.4 Retroviruses activate or incorporate cellular genes 28.5 Retroviral oncogenes have cellular counterparts 28.6 Ras oncogenes can be detected in a transfection assay 28.7 Ras proto-oncogenes can be activated by mutation at specific positions 28.8 Nondefective retroviruses activate proto-oncogenes 28.9 Proto-oncogenes can be activated by translocation 28.10 The Philadelphia translocation generates a new oncogene 28.11 Oncogenes code for components of signal transduction cascades 28.12 Growth factor receptor kinases can be mutated to oncogenes 28.13 Src is the prototype for the proto-oncogenic cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases 28.14 Oncoproteins may regulate gene expression 28.15 RB is a tumor suppressor that controls the cell cycle 28.16 Tumor suppressor p53 suppresses growth or triggers apoptosis

9.1 DNA水平的调控 9.2 染色质水平上的基因活化调节 9.3 转录水平的调控 9.4 转录后水平的调控 9.5 翻译水平调控 9.6 翻译后水平调控 9.7 原核与真核基因表达调控差异

26.1 Introduction 26.2 Carriers and channels form water soluble paths through the membrane 26.3 Ion channels are selective 26.4 Neurotransmitters control channel activity 26.5 G proteins may activate or inhibit target proteins 26.6 G proteins function by dissociation of the trimer 26.7 Growth factor receptors are protein kinases 26.8 Receptors are activated by dimerization 26.9 Receptor kinases activate signal transduction pathways

概述 第一节 基本元件 第二节 遗传密码（Genetic code） 第三节 肽链的合成 第五节 蛋白质前体的加工与转运机制 第四节 准确翻译的机制

6.1. 基本概念 6.2. 原核生物RNA转录的起始 6.3. 真核生物RNA转录的起始 6.4. 转录的延伸 6.5. 转录的终止 6.6. 原核生物转录产物的后加工 6.7. 真核生物转录产物的后加工 6.8. 真核生物转录产物中内元的去除 6.9. 不连续转录和反式拼接

第一节 基因表达调控的基本概念 第二节 转录水平的调控－操纵子 第三节 转录后加工的调控 第四节 翻译水平的调控

概述——损伤因素及其类型 第一节 复制过程中的错配修复 第二节 损伤修复 第三节 限制和修饰 第四节 突变类型 第五节 回复突变(抑制突变) 第六节 突变剂和突变生成

25.1 Introduction 25.2 Oligosaccharides are added to proteins in the ER and Golgi 25.3 The Golgi stacks are polarized 25.4 Coated vesicles transport both exported and imported proteins 25.5 Different types of coated vesicles exist in each pathway 25.6 Cisternal progression occurs more slowly than vesicle movement 25.7 Vesicles can bud and fuse with membranes 25.8 SNAREs control targeting 25.9 The synapse is a model system for exocytosis 25.10 Protein localization depends on specific signals 25.11 ER proteins are retrieved from the Golgi 25.12 Brefeldin A reveals retrograde transport 25.13 Receptors recycle via endocytosis 25.14 Internalization signals are short and contain tyrosine