Chapter three Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD) Chronic Bronchitis Obstructive Pulmonary Emphysema

DEFINITION HEART FAILURE the pathophysiological state in which the heart is unable to pump blood at a rate commensurate with the requirement of the metabolizing tissues or can do so only from an elevated filling pressure. Usually caused by a defect in myocardial contraction (myocardial failure)

Epidemiology 6th leading cause of death in U.S. Number one Among the infectious diseases 6 million patients annually in US Incidence 5~10/1,000/year Mortality in OPD patients 1-5 % but Inpatients 25%, ICU 50-60%

Classification of diabetes(ADA -1997) Type 1 .(beta-cell destruction, usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency) Autoimmune Idiopathic Type2 (may range from predominantly insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency to a predominantly secretory defect with or without insulin resistance)

How to Teach Internal Medicine 2005.2-7: Lecture_(Bilingual teaching) 2005.9-2006.1 Bedside teaching: rotation for weeks, including Respiratory system, Cardiovascular system, Gastrointestinal system, Kidney and urinary system, Endocrinology, Hematology, etc

Cirrhosis---definition chronic, progressed, diffuse hepatocellular injury fibrosis nodular regeneration Incidence: 17/100000/y Age: 20-50 yr

定义 各种原因引起的肠道炎症性疾病 (广义).通常所说的炎症性肠病是溃疡 性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis UC) 和克罗恩病(Crohn's diaease CD)

Hypothalamic-pituitary- thyroid axis Hypothalamus TRH Stimulation Inhibition Free Hormone-> ←Bound Hormone

1.掌握高血压的诊断、鉴别诊断和基本治疗策略和方法 2.熟悉高血压的分型、分期,特殊人群的治疗特点 3.了解高血压的发病机制与发展规律

定义 除心脏瓣膜病、冠心病、高血 压心脏病、肺心病和先心以外,以 心肌病变为主要表现的一组疾病