Substitution reactions occur when two reactants exchange parts to give two new products. In a substitution, one replaces another

21.11 Aryl Halide and Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution 21.12 Spectroscopic Analysis of Phenols and Aryl Halides

17.7 Lithium Enolates 17.8 α-Selenation: A Synthesis of α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds 17.9 Additions to α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes and Ketones

The aldols formed in aldol additions can be easily dehydrated to yield conjugated enals (enones)

If a chiral atom attached to the carbonyl group, the stereoselectivity of nucleophilic addition follows the Cram’s rule

The most characteristic reaction of aldehydes and ketones is nucleophilic addition to the carbon-oxygen double bond

Many other pairs of reagents that form cabocations (orcarbocationlike species) may be used as well

厦门大学化学化工学院：《有机化学》课程教学资源（课件讲稿，双语版）第十章 羧酸 Carboxylic Acids（10.1-10.4）

5.1烯烃的结构 5.2烯烃的命名 5.3烯烃的物理性质 5.4烯烃的化学性质 5.5烯烃的制备

6.1炔烃的结构 6.2炔烃的命名 6.3炔烃的物理性质 6.4炔烃的化学性质 6.5炔烃的制备