一、名词解释（20 分，每小题 2 分） 1. 递进变形；2. 枢纽；3. 张节理；4. 地垒与地堑；5. 水平断距；

《构造地质学》（英文版）2001review

一、解释下列术语： 1. 双重构造；2. 有效应力；3. 铲状断层；4. 花状构造；5. 石香肠构造与窗棂构造 二、主要断层构造岩中有碎裂岩、假玄武玻璃和糜棱岩。说明并比较这些断层岩的主要鉴别特点，阐述它们的主要形成机制

一、基本概念 1．均匀应变与非均匀应变；2．蠕变与松驰；3．压溶作用；4．晶质塑性；5．叠加褶皱；6．断层擦痕的倾伏与侧伏；7．深成侵入岩体形成的底辟作用与气球膨胀作用；8．岩石再造作用

Corresponding author. E-mail address: ring@mail.uni-mainz.de (U. Ring) 1 Institut für Geowissenschaften, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität, Becherweg 21, 55099 Mainz, Germany 2 Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, 210 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA January

1. Distribution of Deformation in the Crust divide the crust into deformation regimes based on temperature and depth A. Upper Crust (0 - 50 km)

Tectonic Earthquakes Most earthquakes occur at plate margins due to tension, compression or shearing forces. Rocks at plate margins are in constant motion and are being pushed, pulled, bent, twisted and folded

Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles The unifying theme in this section is the remarkable weakness of major faults. I will consider the diverse new evidence for weakness, and the evidence for high pore pressure localized in faults as a fundamental cause. With this background one can better understand why faults remain active even after large rotations with

Brittle deformation = the permanent change that occurs in a solid material due to the growth of fractures and/or sliding on fractures. A fracture is a surface of discontinuity (includes cracks, joints and faults). Faults result from shear stresses, and joints result from tensile stresses:

The change in volume or shape of an object that results from stress is called strain. The response of rocks to stress can be divided into - elastic response: rock returns to original shape - ductile or plastic response: permanent deformation without fracture; occurs above the so-called elastic limit