9.1 Introduction 9.2 Transcription is catalyzed by RNA polymerase 9.3 The transcription reaction has three stages 9.4 A stalled RNA polymerase can restart 9.5 RNA polymerase consists of multiple subunits 9.6 RNA Polymerase consists of the core enzyme and sigma factor 9.7 Sigma factor is released at initiation 9.8 Sigma factor controls binding to DNA 9.9 Promoter recognition depends on consensus sequences
21.1 Introduction 21.2 Response elements identify genes under common regulation 21.3 There are many types of DNA-binding domains 21.4 A zinc finger motif is a DNA-binding domain 21.5 Steroid receptors are transcription factors 21.6 Steroid receptors have zinc fingers 21.7 Binding to the response element is activated by ligand-binding 21.8 Steroid receptors recognize response elements by a combinatorial code
13.1 Introduction 13.2 DNA polymerases are the enzymes that make DNA 13.3 DNA synthesis is semidiscontinuous 13.4 Coordinating synthesis of the lagging and leading strands 13.5 The replication apparatus of phage T4 13.6 Creating the replication forks at an origin 13.7 Common events in priming replication at the origin 13.8 Does methylation at the origin regulate initiation? 13.9 Licensing factor controls eukaryotic rereplication
The generation of metabolic energy is a major activity of all cells, and two cytoplasmic organelles are specifically devoted to energy metabolism and the production of ATP. Mitochondria are responsible for generating most of the useful energy from the breakdown of lipids and carbohydrates, and chloroplasts
