Introduction Will provide framework for thinking about the normative and positive aspects of government income redistribution policy

Externality Defined An externality is present when the activity of one entity(person or firm)directly affects the welfare of another entity in a way that is outside the market mechanism. Negative externality: These activities impose damages on others. Positive externality: These activities benefits on others

Welfare economics Need systematic framework to assess the desirability of various government actions. Welfare economics is concerned with the social desirability of alternative economic states. Distinguishes cases when private markets work well from cases where government intervention may be warranted

Public Finance Defined Public finance is about the taxing and spending activities of the government. Also known as \public sector economics\or \public economics.\ Focus is on microeconomic functions of government- polices that affect overall unemployment or price levels are left for macroeconomics

1. Adverse selection(逆向选择) The situation that occurs when the people who are most likely to receive benefits from a certain type of insurance are the ones who are most likely to purchase it

一、水处理和水工业 目前,水资源短缺和水环境污染造成的水危机已经成为我国社会经济发展的重要制约因 素,为此,必须采用保护和利用相协调的水资源开采利用模式,通过对污水的净化和水体保 护,使水资源不再受到破坏并能实现良性的再生循环没有水的可持续利用和保护,社会经济 的可持续发展就不可能实现

第一节社会主义初级阶段的基本经济制度

一、“肯定列表制度”中涉及植物产品的限量情况分析 二、“肯定列表制度”对于植物产品对日贸易的影响分析 三、应对措施的建议

图论在计算机科学、信息科学、人工智能网络理论、系统工程、控制论、运筹学和 经济管理等领域有着广泛的应用。但很多图论问题虽易表达,却难以求解,其中有相当多 的图论问题均属NP完全问题。本章主要介绍工程实用简单图论问题的并行算法及其MP 编程实现,包括传递闭包、连通分量、最短路径和最小生成树等

水是地球表面最主要的天然组成物质水是生命的源泉,是人类生活、生产的最重要的自然 资源,也是自然生态系统繁荣昌盛的最重要的依赖因素。人类习惯于把水看作是取之不尽、用 之不竭的最廉价的自然资源,但随着人口的膨胀和经济的快速发展,水资源短缺的现象正在很 多地区相继出现,水污染及其所带来的危害更加剧了水资源的紧张,并严重破坏了自然界的生 态平衡,对人类自身的生存和进一步发展也构成了严重威胁,因此,切实防治水污染、保护水 资源已成为当今人类的迫切任务