Atomic Structure All natural and most synthetic substances on earth are made from the ninety naturally occurring chemical elements. An atom is the smallest particle into which an element can be divided while still retaining the chemical characteristics of that element (fig 3. 1). The nucleus, at the center of the atom contains one or more particles with a positive electrical charge(protons fif and usually some particles of similar mass that have no charge(neutrons
4.1 Methodology of historical tectonics 历史大地构造及其分析方法 4.2 What are a platform & geosyncline 地槽、地台的概念 4.3 Outline of plate tectonics 板块构造简介 4.4 How to reconstruct a paleoplate 古板块的恢复方法 4.5 Tectonic province, cycle & stage 大地构造分区、旋回和阶段