昆虫纲 Insecta是动物界中最大的一个纲。在汉语中,“昆”的意思之一是“众多”、“庞大”:而“虫字所指的 范围甚广,刘安、董仲舒的“五虫说和《大戴礼,本命》中“虫”为所有动物的总称。1890年,方旭在《虫 荟》一书中把“羽、毛、昆、鳞、介”5类动物中的219种小动物归为“昆虫类,“昆虫”一词才具有近代概 念

susceptible host, a series of coordinated events must rcumvent both innate and adaptive immunity. One of the first and most important features of host innate immunity is the barrier provided by the epithelial surfaces of the skin and the lining of the gut. The difficulty of penetrat- ing these epithelial barriers ensures that most pathogens never gain productive entry into the host. In addition to pro viding a physical barrier to infection, the epithelia also pro duce chemicals that are useful in

the early vaccination trials of Edward Jenner and oneering efforts, vac nce of diseases such ng cougl Vaccination with DN A Active and Passive Immunization Designing Vaccines for Active Immunization mWhole-Organism Vaccines Purified Macromolecules as Vaccines Recombinant-Vector Vaccines DNA Vaccines Multivalent Subunit Vaccines mmon usage. Experience has shown that not every vaccine

lure can have dire consequences. Nude Mouse (nu/nu) elf and begins to attack hich is Primary Immunodeficiencies AIDS and Other Acquired or Secondary Immunodeficiencies at birth differentiated from immunodeficiencies in which the non- specific mediators of innate immunity, such as phagocytes or ed. Immunodeficiencies are conve- by the type or the developmental stage of overall cellular de g the locations of prevennon stra

如第二章所述,建立 GenBank是为了适应人类基应组工程等科学研究产生的大量序列数据的信 息爆炸。总的来说, GenBank是带有注释的公用DNA蛋白质序列的集合。写作本书时, GenBank中有160万条链的纪录,含超过10亿个核苷酸碱基。向GenBank存入新的序列有两种方 法:通过 Sequi nBankl和等工具直接提交,或通过国际核苷酸序列数据库的组成部分 GenBank,eml,和DDB等相互之间传递数据的共享协议

immunology, refers to the act of transferring cells, tissues, or organs from one site to another. The desire to accomplish transplants stems from the realization that many diseases can be cured by implantation of a healthy organ, tissue, or cells(a graft)from one individual (the donor)to another in need of the transplant(the recipient or

背景 ACEDB(一种线虫C.e/ egans数据库)是一种被广泛应用的管理和提供基因组数据的工具组。它 是在1991年由 Ri chard duri n和 Jean Thi erry-Mi eg首先提供的,他们发展它来支持和整理 C. elegans领域中的大范围序列和物理图谱的工作。在本章结尾所列出的因特网资源和资料中 可见1和2条。后续的程序由 Durbin和 Thierry- Mi eg编制和完善,还有许多其他人参与了代码 的编制。这一时期, ACEDB适用于许多动物和植物的基因组计划[3]

实用指南 辑 Andreas d. Baxevanis enome Technology Branch National human genome research Institute National Institutes of health Bethesda, Maryland B. F Francis ouellette National Center for Biotechnology Information National Institute of health ADB将本书奉献给他的母亲 Anastasia,并纪念他的父亲 Demetrios,他们的智慧和爱是守护 他一生的力量

这一章讨论的是解释DNA序列的方法,这些方法主要依赖于功能模式的检测,而不是与其它单 个序列的比较。这些方法中的绝大部分意在先寻找并遮蔽重复的和低复杂性的序列,再寻找 基因以及与其相关的调控区域。在针对单个序列的集中调查分析,以及为可能的基因、整个 基因组或相应较大区域建立初步清单的快速扫描过程中,这些方法都发挥了主要作用

realized that the immune system could go awry and, instead of reacting against foreign antigens, could focus its attack on self-antigens. He termed this con- dition\horror autotoxicus \We now understand that while mechanisms of self-tolerance normally protect an individual from potentially self-reactive lymphocytes, there are failures They result in an inappropriate response of the immune system against self-components termed autoimmunity In the 1960s, it was believed that all self-reactive lymphocytes