背景 ACEDB(一种线虫C.e/ egans数据库)是一种被广泛应用的管理和提供基因组数据的工具组。它 是在1991年由 Ri chard duri n和 Jean Thi erry-Mi eg首先提供的,他们发展它来支持和整理 C. elegans领域中的大范围序列和物理图谱的工作。在本章结尾所列出的因特网资源和资料中 可见1和2条。后续的程序由 Durbin和 Thierry- Mi eg编制和完善,还有许多其他人参与了代码 的编制。这一时期, ACEDB适用于许多动物和植物的基因组计划[3]

实用指南 辑 Andreas d. Baxevanis enome Technology Branch National human genome research Institute National Institutes of health Bethesda, Maryland B. F Francis ouellette National Center for Biotechnology Information National Institute of health ADB将本书奉献给他的母亲 Anastasia,并纪念他的父亲 Demetrios,他们的智慧和爱是守护 他一生的力量

这一章讨论的是解释DNA序列的方法,这些方法主要依赖于功能模式的检测,而不是与其它单 个序列的比较。这些方法中的绝大部分意在先寻找并遮蔽重复的和低复杂性的序列,再寻找 基因以及与其相关的调控区域。在针对单个序列的集中调查分析,以及为可能的基因、整个 基因组或相应较大区域建立初步清单的快速扫描过程中,这些方法都发挥了主要作用

realized that the immune system could go awry and, instead of reacting against foreign antigens, could focus its attack on self-antigens. He termed this con- dition\horror autotoxicus \We now understand that while mechanisms of self-tolerance normally protect an individual from potentially self-reactive lymphocytes, there are failures They result in an inappropriate response of the immune system against self-components termed autoimmunity In the 1960s, it was believed that all self-reactive lymphocytes

part of the body to another. This is espe- ially true of lymphocytes, which circulate ly in the blood and lymph and, in common with at sites o Lymphocytes Attached to the Surface of a High-Endothelial Venule sLymphocyte Recirculation Cell-Adhesion Molecules Neutrophil Extravasation Lymphocyte Extravasation Chemokines-Key Mediators of Inflammation Other Mediators of Inflammation The Inflammatory Process

分析化学课是化学类、生物类以及医学、地质、环境类等专业学生的主干基础课之 它的理论和方法不仅是分析化学专业的基础,也是其它一切与化学有关的专业的基础。定量 分析化学课在教给学生基本的分析化学原理和方法的同时,使学生建立起严格的“量”的概 念,培养学生从事理论研究和实际工作的能力以及严谨的科学作风

production of plasma cells and memory B cells can be divided into three broad stages: generation of mature, immunocompetent B cells(maturation), activa- Initial Contact between b and T cells tion of mature B cells when they interact with antigen, and differentiation of activated B cells into plasma cells and memory B cells. In many vertebrates, ng humans B-Cell maturation and mice, the bone marrow generates B cells. This process

that peptides derived from the antigen be displayed within the cleft of an MHC peptide-Mhcthe m ormation of the Antigen Processing for Presentation by Class I MHC Molecules Self-MHC Restriction of T Cells Class tides that Role of Antigen-Presenting Cells Evidence for Two Processing and Presentation Pathways

present on the B-cell membrane and secreted by plasma cells. Membrane-bound antibody con- fers antigenic specificity on B cells; antigen-specific prolifer- ation of B-cell clones is elicted by the interaction of membrane antibody with antigen Secreted antibodies ci culate in the blood, where they serve as the effectors of hu- moral immunity by searching out and neutralizing antigens or marking them for elimination. All antibodies share struc

排泄(excretion):机体在新陈代谢过程中产生的一些终产物、摄入 量超过机体需要的物质及进入机体的各种异物, 经血液循环到达排泄器宜而排出体外的过程。 §排遗(egestion):食物中不能被消化的、或未被消化的残渣掺以细胞 各种分泌物等,排出体外的过程。 由消化器官完成。 排泄的过程同时也是保持体液稳定的过程