• The emerging development in pathology • The common gene variations in molecular diagnostic • The frequently-used techniques in molecular diagnostics • The common biomarkers for cancer diagnostic

概念的理解 各种类型代谢的特点以及对应微生物类型 对复杂代谢过程细节不做要求 第一节 微生物能量代谢 第二节 分解代谢和合成代谢的关系 第三节 微生物独特合成代谢举例 第四节 微生物代谢的调节与发酵生产

1. A brief history of studies on the structrure of the plasma membrane 2. Model of membrane structure: an experimental perspective 3. The chemical composition of membranes 4. Characteristics of biomembrane 5. An overview of the functions of biomembranes

1. Compartmentalization in Eukaryotic Cells; 2. The structural and functional relationship between the ER, Golgi complexes, lysosomes and plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells; 3. The pathways of proteins targeting and sorting, and its mechanisms; 4. The ways of protein modifications and intracellular sites after they are synthesized; 5. Types of vesicle transport and their functions

Cell signaling can affect virtually every aspect of cell structure and function: Activation of enzyme activity;  Change in cytoskeletal organization;  Change in ion permeability;  Initiation of DNA synthesis;  Activation or repression of gene expression

(1) Mitochondria: in all eukaryotic cells The relationship between the structure and function of mit. (2) Chloroplasts: in plant cells The relationship between the structure and function of chl. Mit: Oxidative phosphorylation→ ATP Chl: Photosynthesis→ ATP+NADPH→ Sugar

1. Principles of membrane transport; 2. Passive transport and active transport; 3. Two main classes of membrane transport proteins: Carriers and Channels; 4. The ion transport systems; 5. Endocytosis and Phagocytosis: cellular uptake of macromolecules and particles

1）动物体的基本结构与机能；2）原生动物门 细胞，组织，器官，系统 原生动物门的主要特征，代表性动物，原生动物门的分类，与人类的关系，重要病原体及其生活史

环节动物门的基本特征，代表性动物，分类，与人类的关系 软体动物门的基本特征，代表性动物，分类，与人类的关系

动物从水生向陆生的过渡，两栖纲的主要特征，代表性动物，两栖纲的分类，两栖动物面临的威胁