General Considerations Disorders of hemostasis defects in platelet number or function problems in fibrin clot (coagulation) Bleeding due to platelet disorders is typically mucosal or dermatologic include epistaxis, gum bleeding, menorrhagia, gastrointestinal bleeding, purpura, and petechiae

Contents Normal anatomy,physiology and metabolism of the kidney Clinical manifestation of renal disease Diagnosis and treatment

第一节 蛋白质的营养作用 Nutritional Function of Protein 第二节 氨基酸的一般分解代谢 General Metabolism of Amino Acids 第三节 氨 的 代 谢 Metabolism of Ammonia 第五节 个别氨基酸的代谢 Metabolism of Individual Amino Acids

第一节 健康与疾病的概念 (Concepts of health and disease) 第二节 病因学 (Etiology) 第三节 发病学 （Pathogenesis） 第四节 疾病的转归 (Outcome of disease)

General Consideration Antenatal cardiovascular changes Blood volume increase by 40%-60%0 Peaking at 32-34 weeks the expansion in plasma volume is greater than that expansion of red cell mass Cardiac output Increase by 40%6-50% Peaking at 20-24 weeks

General considerations Definition In placenta previa, the placenta is implanted in the lower uterine segment and located over the internal os. It constitutes an obstruction of descent of the presenting part. Main cause of obstetrical hemorrhage Incidence 0.24%-1.57% (our country)

Incidence and Prevalence: Increase significantly Range from 1~50% General population: 1~2% Infertile women: 30~50% Occurs primarily in women in 25~45s

1. In what physical condition is the writer's grandmother? with her? 3. Is she happy Why or why not? 4 Are retirement homes all bad? 5. What did the writer's mother decide to do when Grandma could not live on her own? 6. How are elderly people treated in many cultures? 7. Why are old people unhappy in a nursing home? 8. What is the writer's opinion concerning the treatment of aging people? 9. What is your own opinion concerning the old people n general?

General organization Comprehension Language points Interaction activity

Section 1 general consideration Inflammation is the reaction ofa tissue and its microcirculation to a pathogenic insult. It is characterized by the generation of inflammatory mediators and movement offluid and leukocytes from the blood into extravascular tissues