First published 2001, Woodhead Publishing Limited and CRC Press LLC 2001, Woodhead Publishing Limited The authors have asserted their moral rights This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors and the publishers cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials. Neither the authors nor the publishers, nor anyone

The four basic stages in the PD Process are the same for all food product development, but there are significant differences in the activities, techniques and timings for new product development in the primary production, industrial food processing, and food manufacturing industries Primary production's product development is based on either a breeding process from cultivated varieties or capturing a new species from the wild. The development of new plants, animals and fish takes a great deal of time and depends on times of growing and harvesting There can be a general product concept based on perceived consumer or industrial wants and needs

Consumers are the centre of product development in the food industry, directly in the design of consumer products and indirectly in the design of commodity products and industrial products. In industrial product development, the emphasis is on the immediate customer, but consideration needs to be given to the acceptance of the final product by the consumer. It is important in product development to understand basic consumer behaviour and food choice as well as the individual product/consumer relationship(Earle, 1997). Differences among

Product development does not occur in isolation as a separate functional activity. It is a company philosophy, a basic company strategy and a multifunctional company activity. In recent years to show this all-encompassing basis, bringing together product, process, marketing and organisational innovations, there has been development of an overall innovation strategy. This innovation strategy is related to the company's overall business aims and strategy, as well as the social, economic and technological environment, and the company's own knowledge and skills. The business strategy also includes a duct strategy outlining the products of the future. The combination of the innovation and product strategies is the basis for the product development strategy, and from this can be developed

The PD Process coordinates the specific research activities such as product design, process development, engineering plant design, marketing strategy and desig with the aim of producing an integrated approach to the development of new products. The overall aim is to create a product that an individual consumer or a food manufacturing company or food service organisation will buy. The two parts of product development-the knowledge of the consumer's needs/wants and the knowledge of modern scientific discoveries and technological

一、城市化(P203--205) 1、城市化(《urbanization《):一个国家或地区居 住在城市地区人口比重不断提升,以及随人口向 城市集中所带来的社会组织与功能的变化,其要 素包括:城市规模、密度与多样性。 2、城市化的两个基本类型:集聚型人口城市化与 扩散型人口城市化。前者是指人口向城市中心区 集聚。后者是指人口市郊化和人口圈外化(逆向 城市化)

一、经济增长的表达 1、一国在一定时期内的产品与劳务的增加,以GDP或人均GDP表示。 2、生产可能线边界(PPF)向外移动。 3、人均产出增长率每人每小时产出的增长率

1、农业部门有何贡献?(P210)三种剩余 一、劳动剩余,存在大量剩余劳动力 二、产品剩余,生产大量农产品 三、财政剩余,产生较好的经济收益

一、经济制度 1、经济体制(economic system)一是指各种安排经济活动的制度与行为模式,是满足消费需要及资源配置的各种运作方式,如一国的法律、习惯、风俗、价值准则等即反映各种运作的方式。 2、经济体制受哪些因素的影响? (1)历史、文化、宗教的背景; (2)人口、自然资源、气候、地形等条件; (3)领袖人物所倡导的思想意识; (4)追求理想与达到目的的各种主张; (5)追求经济目标时,人民的尝试过的方法

一、制度的内涵 二、制度的构成 三、制度的起源 四、制度的功能 五、制度的稀缺性 六、制度的供给 七、制度的需求 八、制度的变迁 九、制度的绩效 十、制度竞争力