Transcription is very similar to DNA replication but there are some important differencesi 1 RNA is made of ribonucleotides 2. RNA polymerase catalyzes the reaction 3. The synthesized RNa does not remain base-paired to the template DNA strand 4. Less accurate(error rate: 10-4)
Cloning vectors: 克隆载体 to clone a gene in a vector Expression vectors: 表达载体 to express a gene from a vector Integration vectors: 整合载体 to integrate a gene in a genome through a vector Cloning vectors 1 Plasmid vecters 2 Bacteriophage vectors 3 Cosmids & BACs 4 Eukaryotic vectors Cloning vectors: allowing the exogenous DNA to be inserted, stored, and manipulated mainly at DNA level. expression vectors: allowing the exogenous DNA to be inserted, stored, and expressed
Chapter 7 Energy Generation in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts (1)Mitochondria: in all eukaryotic cells The relationship between the structure and function of mit. ()Chloroplasts: in plant cells The relationship between the structure and function of chI. Mit: Oxidative phosphorylation→atp hl: Photosynthesis→atp+ NADPH→ Sugar
Chapter 5A. The Movement of Substances Across cell membranes Learning Obiectives 1. Principles of membrane transport 2. Passive transport and active transport; 3. Two main classes of membrane transport proteins Carriers and Channels