定义1设V是数域P上的一个线性空间,f是V到P的一个映射,如果f 满足 1)f(a+)=f(a)+f() 2) f(ka)=(a), 式中a,B是V中任意元素,k是P中任意数,则称f为V上的一个线性函数 从定义可推出线性函数的以下简单性质:

设fx)是定义在闭区间[ab]上的连续函数,如果x∈[ab]使 得f(x)=0则称x是fx)的一个零点 从几何图形看,函数f(x)的零点就是曲线y=f(x)与x轴的交 点。这个事实对我们求数值解很有启发作用 提示:函数f)的零点其实也就是(非线性)方程fx)=0的 解,所以求函数的零点问题也就是非线性方程求解的问题。 结论:由高等数学中的界值定理可知,若fa)f(b)<0,方程 f(x)=0在[ab内一定有解 求函数零点的方法有对分法,牛顿法和不动点算法

在高等植物的生活周期中,花芽分化是营养生长向生殖生长转变的转折点,标志着植物幼 年期的结束和成熟期的到来。完成幼年期生长的植株的开花,还受到环境条件的影响,其中低 温和光周期是成花诱导的主要外界条件 一些二年生植物和冬性一年生植物的成花需要低温的诱导,即春化作用。植物感受春化的 部位是茎尖的生长点,多数一年生植物在种子吸涨后即可接受春化,而多数二年生或多年生植 物只有当营养体长到一定大小时才能接受春化。植物在春化过程中,体内代谢发生了深刻变 化

DEFINITIONS EQUIPMENT RATING: Given the input streams, operating parameters, and size parameters, determine the equipment performance and output streams EQUIPMENT SIZING: Given the input streams and the performance specifications, estimate the economically important size parameters using approximate methods EQUIPMENT DESIGN: Produce a design in enough detail to guide the fabrication of the item of equipment

SEPARATION OPERATIONS: INTRODUCTION What are separation operations? Typical applications of separation operations Physical basis for separation operations Basic types of separation operations Performance characterization of separation operations Choice of separation operations

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF SIMPLE DISTILLATION COLUMNS Goals: Determine feasibility of proposed separation Estimate tray and reflux requirements Estimate column diameter and height

INTRODUCTION A. Types of Material Balance Problems B. Historical Perspective I. CONSERVATION OF MASS 5 A. Control Volumes B. Holdup or Inventory . Material Balance Basis D. Material Balances II. PROCESSES

THE TWO BASIC INVESTMENT CONCERNS PROFITABILITY (HOW MUCH MONEY WILL I MAKE?) risK (WHAT ARE MY CHANCES OF MAKING IT?)

ENGINEERING ECONOMICS ESTIMATING THE PROFITABILITY OF A CHEMICAL PLANT Estimating Investment Estimating Cost of Production Profitability Evaluation Return on Investment (ROD) Payout time(Tpay) DCF Rate of Return(DCFROR) Transfer Price

DESIGN METHODOLOGY: CHOICE OF PROCESS TYPE goaL-- Choose the process type appropriate to the plant to be designed