1. 掌握蛋白尿的类型和发生机理。 2. 掌握尿沉渣中的红细胞、白细胞、上皮细胞和管型的形 态特点和临床意义。 3. 熟悉尿液标本的收集和保存方法。 4. 熟悉尿液一般检查的内容和正常结果。 5. 熟悉尿糖、尿酮、尿内淀粉酶检查的临床意义。 6. 解尿液一般检查的临床应用

1.Definition It is directly caused by chronic alterations in pulmonary circulation or chronic chest diseases that lead to pulmonary arterial hypertension, right ventricular enlargement, even right heart failure

What is RA? RA is a chronic polyarticular inflammatory arthritis that involves not only small joints of the hands and feet but also systemic organs. Pathologic change: chronic synovitis with pannus (血管 翳)formation

定义 除心脏瓣膜病、冠心病、高血压心脏病、肺心病和先心以外，以心肌病变为主要表现的一组疾病

Cirrhosis---definition chronic, progressed, diffuse hepatocellular injury fibrosis nodular regeneration

Cardiovascular disease Cerebrovascular diseases Lower respiratory infections Diarrhea Perinatal disease COPD Tuberculosis Morbilli

Concept of leukemia Definition It is the results of the tumor proliferation of heamotopoietic stem cells.（造血干细胞） Leukemia is a malignant blood disorder. (not solid tumor)

Factors cause diseases： chemicals physical biological psychological chemicals：occupational, non-occupational. physical：occupational, non-occupational

Chronic Renal Insufficiency Pathogen and pathogenesis Manifestation Laboratory examination Diagnosis and differential diagnosis Treatment

Water and Sodium Metabolism Control of water excretion Control of sodium excretion Hyponatremia and hypernatremia