he term \organic\ appears to have been used for the first time about 1777 and was applied to those materials occurring in or derived from living organisms. Accordingly, such substances as starch, alcohol, and urea were classified as organic. for starch is produced by living plants, alcohol is a product of fermentation caused by

化学反应步骤: 基元反应一由反应物一步生成产物的反 应,没有可由宏观实验方法探测到的中间 产物。 复合反应——由两个以上的基元反应组合 而成的反应。组合的方式或先后次序称为 反应机理

相变化过程是物质从一个相转移到另 个相的过程,相平衡状态是它的极限 相平衡研究是化工生产过程选择分离方 法,设计分离装置以及实现最佳操作的理论 依据

n this chapter First: to find relations between properties that might not be thought to be related to derive expressions for the variation of the g with Tand p Second: to introduce the chemical potential, a property that will be at the center of discussions in the remaining chapters of this part of the text; to derive expression of fugacity

The First Law: the machinery In this chapter we begin to unfold some of the power of thermodynamics by showing how to establish relations between different properties of a system. The procedure we use is based on the experimental fact that the internal energy and the enthalpy are state functions. and we derive a number of relations between observables by exploring the mathematical consequences of these facts

华东理工大学：物理化学（中英文） Physical chemistry Peter atkins (Sixth edition)

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