Mechanism Blood velocity1 Blood vascosity Valve: narrowed or incompetent; organic or relative Abnormal connection Vibration of loose structure Diameter of vessel ^or

Definition: Palpitation may be defined as an awareness of the beating of the heart, an awareness most commonly brought about by change in the heart's rhythm or rate or by an augmentation of its contractility

I. Auscultatory Valve Area 1. MV: apex, fifth left intercostal space, medial to the midclavicular line 2. PV: second left intercostal space 3. AV: second right intercostal space 4. AV,: left third intercostal space 5. TV: lower part of sternal ·6. Other part

Diarrhea Definition increase in the frequency of bowel movements increase in stool liquidity in some cases increase in daily stool weight

Definition Clinically apparent increase in the interstitial (间质) fluid volume Weight gain precedes overt edema Weight loss in edematous patients before “dry weight Massive edema is called Anasarca

Definition Cyanosis refers to bluish(带蓝色的 带青色的) color of the skin and mucous membranes resulting from an increased quantity of reduced hemoglobin(亚铁血 红蛋白;还原血红蛋白),orof hemoglobin derivatives, in the small blood vessels of those areas. It is usually most marked in the lips, nail beds(甲床),ears, and malar (颧骨的;颊的) eminences

In the present era of technological advances, particularly in the various imaging modalities, there is a growing conception among practicing physicians in cardiovascular medicine that bedside physical examination is unnecessary and does not provide useful information

Coughing is an essential defense mechanism that it prevents the airways from the foreign substance and clear the excretion of respiratory tract. Coughing is a reflex. permanent and frequent coughing indicates an abnormality

Definition: Dyspnea is defined as an awareness of difficulty in breathing It is therefore a symptom, usually described by the patient as \short of breath,\ whether the sensation is due to actual difficulty in breathing or is essentially an awareness of hyperventilation. If the symptom becomes striking, it always companies with dilatation of nares, cyanosis, use of accessory muscles of respiration and abnormalities of respiratory rate, depth or rhythm

一、概述 组成及功能 1、卵巢(ovary):产生卵子,分泌女性激素; 2、输卵管输送卵子,受精;