The salts of milk are mainly the phosphates, citrates, chlorides, sulphates, carbonates and bicarbonates of sodium, potassium, calcium and mag- nesium. Approximately 20 other elements are found in milk in trace amounts, including copper, iron, silicon, zinc and iodine. Strictly speaking

In modern dairy technology, milk is almost always subjected to a heat treatment; typical examples are: Thermization e.g.65°℃×15s Pasteurization LTLT (low temperature, long time) 63C 30 min HTST(high temperature, short time) 15s Forewarming(for sterilization)

Milk has been the subject of scientific study for about 150 years and consequently, is probably the best characterized, in chemical terms, of our major foods. It is probably also the most complicated and serves as the raw material for a very large and diverse family of food products. Dairy science

General references on dairy chemistry 1 Production and utilization of milk 1. 1 Introduction 1. 3 Classification of mammal 1.4 Structure and development of

A/B milk and yoghurt, 428 atto Abbe refractometer. 458 Apo-lactoferrin, 364 of cheese. 4 Apparent viscosity, 454, 455 djunct starters, 41 Arachidonic acid, 142 attenuated lactic acid bacteria, 418 Arteriovenous difference studies. 2( elevated ripening temperature, 41 Arthrobacter spp, 407

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Normal bovine milk contains about 3. 5% protein. The conce changes significantly during lactation, especially during the first ft post-partum(Figure 4. 1); the greatest change occurs in the whey fraction(Figure 4.2). The natural function of milk proteins is to supply

The stability, or instability, of the milk fat emulsion is very significant with respect to many physical and chemical characteristics of milk and dairy products. The stability of the emulsion depends strongly on the integrity of

The water content of dairy products ranges from around 2.5 to 94%(w/w) (Table 7.1) and is the principal component by weight in most dairy products, including milk, cream, ice-cream, yogurt and most cheeses. The moisture content of foods (or more correctly their water activity, section 7.3), together with temperature and pH, are of great importance to food technology. As described in section 7.8 water plays an extremely important

Milk is a dilute emulsion consisting of an oil/fat dispersed phase and an aqueous colloidal continuous phase. The physical properties of milk are similar to those of water but are modified by the presence of various solutes (proteins, lactose and salts) in the continuous phase and by the degree of dispersion of the emulsified and colloidal components