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Synthesis of aromatic heterocycles：
1. Introduction
2. Furans and benzofurans
3. Thiophenes and benzothiophenes
4. Pyrroles
5. Indoles, indolizines and carbazoles
6. Oxazoles, thiazoles and benzothiazoles
7. Isoxazoles, isothiazoles and fused analogues
8. Imidazoles and benzimidazoles
9. Pyrazoles and indazoles
10. Oxadiazoles and thiadiazoles
11. Triazoles, benzotriazoles and tetrazoles
12. Pyrones, coumarins and chromones
13. Pyridines
14. Quinolines and isoquinolines
15. Pyrimidines and quinazolines
16. Other diazines, triazines and tetrazines
17. References
Recent developments in indole ring synthesis—methodology and
applications
1 Introduction
2 Sigmatropic rearrangements
2.1 Fischer indole synthesis
2.1.1 Methodology
2.1.2 Applications
2.1.3 Mechanism
2.2 Gassman indole synthesis
2.3 Bartoli indole synthesis
2.4 Thyagarajan indole synthesis
2.5 Julia indole synthesis
2.6 Miscellaneous sigmatropic rearrangements
3 Nucleophilic cyclization
3.1 Madelung indole synthesis
3.2 Schmid indole synthesis
3.3 Wender indole synthesis
3.4 Couture indole synthesis
3.5 Smith indole synthesis
3.6 Kihara indole synthesis
3.7 Nenitzescu indole synthesis
3.8 Engler indole synthesis
3.9 Bailey–Liebeskind indole synthesis
3.10 Wright indoline synthesis
3.11 Saegusa indole synthesis
3.12 Miscellaneous nucleophilic cyclizations
4 Electrophilic cyclization
4.1 Bischler indole synthesis
4.2 Nordlander indole synthesis
4.3 Nitrene cyclization
4.3.1 Cadogan–Sundberg indole synthesis
4.3.2 Sundberg indole synthesis
4.3.3 Hemetsberger indole synthesis
4.4 Quéguiner azacarbazole synthesis
4.5 Iwao indole synthesis
4.6 Magnus indole synthesis
4.7 Feldman indole synthesis
4.8 Miscellaneous electrophilic cyclizations
5 Reductive cyclization
5.1 o,-Dinitrostyrene reductive cyclization
5.2 Reissert indole synthesis
5.3 Leimgruber–Batcho indole synthesis
5.4 Makosza indole synthesis
6 Oxidative cyclization
6.1 Watanabe indole synthesis
6.2 Knölker indole-carbazole synthesis
7 Radical cyclization
7.1 Tin-mediated cyclization
7.2 Samarium-mediated cyclization
7.3 Murphy indole-indoline synthesis
7.4 Miscellaneous radical cyclizations
8 Metal-catalyzed indole syntheses
8.1 Palladium
8.1.1 Hegedus–Mori–Heck indole synthesis
8.1.2 Yamanaka–Sakamoto indole synthesis
8.1.3 Larock indole synthesis
8.1.4 Buchwald indoline synthesis
8.1.5 Miscellaneous
8.2 Rhodium and ruthenium
8.3 Titanium
8.3.1 Fürstner indole synthesis
8.3.2 Miscellaneous
8.4 Zirconium
8.5 Copper
8.5.1 Castro indole synthesis
8.5.2 Miscellaneous
8.6 Chromium
8.7 Molybdenum
9 Cycloaddition and electrocyclization
9.1 Diels–Alder cycloaddition
9.2 Photocyclization
9.2.1 Chapman photocyclization
9.2.2 Miscellaneous photochemical reactions
9.3 Dipolar cycloaddition
9.4 Miscellaneous
10 Indoles from pyrroles
10.1 Electrophilic cyclization
10.1.1 Natsume indole synthesis
10.1.2 Miscellaneous
10.2 Palladium-catalyzed cyclization
10.3 Cycloaddition routes
10.3.1 From vinylpyrroles
10.3.2 From pyrrole-2,3-quinodimethanes
10.3.3 Miscellaneous
10.4 Radical cyclization
11 Aryne intermediates
11.1 Aryne Diels–Alder cycloaddition
11.2 Nucleophilic cyclization of arynes
12 Miscellaneous indole syntheses
12.1 Oxidation of indolines
12.2 From oxindoles, isatins and indoxyls
12.3 Miscellaneous
13 Acknowledgements
14 References
