must also consider heating andor cooling requirements as well as to deliver the desired head pressure to overcome hydraulic pressure drop. Operating costs must also consider equipment maintenance, cost of cleaning chemicals and labor costs
Liquid-liquid extraction is a unit operation frequently employed in the pharmaceutical industry, as in many others, for recovery and purification of a desired ingredient from the solution in which it was prepared. Extraction may also be used to remove impurities from a feed stream
Historically, sterile bulk pharmaceutical manufacturing processes, prior to filling operations, have followed general bulk pharmaceutical guidelines. As technology and equipment have improved
