Chapter 1 Fundamentals of CuttingAbstract1.1 Basic definition2material of the cutting too上页下页退出2
Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Cutting Abstract 1.1 Basic definition 1.2 material of the cutting tool
AbsractTwo parts concerning the fundamental of metal cuttingprocess are involved in this chapter1 Basic definitionincluding basic concepts in cuttingprocess,such as cutting motions,parameters, referenceframe,marked angles, cutting layer parameters2 cutting tool materialincluding the necessaryperformance of cutting tool material(hardness, wearresistance,strength,toughness, hot hardness ...),two kinds ofnormal material for cutting tool(HSS and carbide alloy) andthe other material(coating,ceramics diamond and cubic boronNitride)下页上页退出
Two parts concerning the fundamental of metal cutting process are involved in this chapter 1 Basic definition——including basic concepts in cutting process,such as cutting motions,parameters, reference frame,marked angles, cutting layer parameters 2 cutting tool material——including the necessary performance of cutting tool material(hardness, wear resistance,strength,toughness, hot hardness .), two kinds of normal material for cutting tool(HSS and carbide alloy) and the other material(coating,ceramics diamond and cubic boron Nitride ) Absract
1. 1 Basic definition1.1.1 cutting motion and parameters?basic definition of the cutting regionexchange of the cutting angles1.1.4 work angles of the cutting tool1.1.5cutting layer parameters and mode上页下页退出二
1.1 Basic definition 1.1.2 basic definition of the cutting region 1.1.3 exchange of the cutting angles 1.1.5 cutting layer parameters and mode 1.1.4 work angles of the cutting tool 1.1.1 cutting motion and parameters
1. 1. 1 cutting motions and parametersFor example,in turning,theworkpiece rotates,the cutting tool moveslongitudinally, the mixture of the two motions forms the external cylindricalsurface.There are three surfaces created in turn during the new surface isforming (Figurel.l):待加工表面Surfacetobemachined:meansthe已加工表面surfaceinwhichthematerialistoberemoved主运动Machining surface:means the surface isbeing machined by the cutting edge加工表面Machined surface:means the进给运动surfacein whichthematerial hasbeenremovedFig 1.lcuttingmotions in turning返回上页下页退出
For example,in turning,the workpiece rotates,the cutting tool moves longitudinally, the mixture of the two motions forms the external cylindrical surface.There are three surfaces created in turn during the new surface is forming（Figure1.1）： Fig 1.1cutting motions in turning Surface to be machined：means the surface in which the material is to be removed Machining surface：means the surface is being machined by the cutting edge Machined surface：means the surface in which the material has been removed 1.1.1 cutting motions and parameters
1.1.1.1cutting motionThebasic motion foramachinetoolincludeslinearmotion androtationalmotion.If classified accordingtothefunctions of thecuttingtool inrelation withtheworkpiece,theyarecalledthemainmotionandthefeedmotion,shownasFigi1(1)themainmotionthemainmotionreguiredtoremovethemetal.Usuallyithasthebiggestvelocity,andconsumesmostofthepower(2)thefeedmotionIt brings the new metal into cuttingconstantly.It can be continuousorinterrupted上页下页退出
1.1.1.1 cutting motion The basic motion for a machine tool includes linear motion and rotational motion. If classified according to the functions of the cutting tool in relation with the workpiece, they are called the main motion and the feed motion,shown as Fig.1.1 （1）the main motion the main motion required to remove the metal. Usually it has the biggest velocity, and consumes most of the power （2） the feed motion It brings the new metal into cutting constantly. It can be continuous or interrupted
(3) resultant motion and velocityWhenthemain motion and thefeed motiontakepart incuttingsimultaneously,the velocityin one pointof thecuttingedge relativetotheworkpieceis calledresultantcuttingmotion,its sizeanddirectioncanberepresentedwithavectorVe,shownasFigl3,anditequalsthevectorsum ofthetwomotions(1.1)Ve=Ve+Vf上页下页退出址
When the main motion and the feed motion take part in cutting simultaneously, the velocity in one point of the cutting edge relative to the workpiece is called resultant cutting motion, its size and direction can be represented with a vector ve, shown as Fig.1.3, and it equals the vector sum of the two motions ve=vc+vf (1.1) （3）resultant motion and velocity
Fig.1.3 The resultantvelocity in cutting上页下页退出S返回
Fig.1.3 The resultant velocity in cutting
1.1.1.2 Three elements in cuttingVefapare calledthethreeelements incutting(1)CuttingspeedMost ofthe main cutting motions are rotational motion.Thevelocityinonepointoftherotatingbody(cuttingtoolorworkpiece)canbecalculatedusingthefollowingformuladn m/s or m/min(1.2)Vc=1000where d-the rotational diameter of one point in the workpiece or the cutting tool (mm)nnumberofrevolutionpersecondorperminute(r/sorr/min).(r/sorr/min)上页下页退出
1.1.1.2 Three elements in cutting ve、f 、 ap are called the three elements in cutting 1000 dn （1）Cutting speed Most of the main cutting motions are rotational motion.The velocity in one point of the rotating body(cutting tool or workpiece) can be calculated using the following formula vc= m/s or m/min (1.2) where d－the rotational diameter of one point in the workpiece or the cutting tool（mm) n－number of revolution per second or per minute (r/s or r/min). （r/s or r/min)
(2)Feedingspeed,feedandfeedpertoothFeeding speed y,isthefeed inaunittime (m/s orm/min)Feed is the relative displacement between the workpiece and the cutter along thedirectionoffeedingmotionperrevolutionorperstock(mm/r)。For multipleteeth cutting tools, such as milling cutter,reamer, broach, gear hob etcfeedfzmaybemeasured inmillimeters pertooltooth (mm/z).Obviously,(1.3)v-fn=fzznmm/s or mm/min上页下页退出式
Feeding speed vf is the feed in a unit time (m/s or m/min) Feed is the relative displacement between the workpiece and the cutter along the direction of feeding motion per revolution or per stock (mm/r)。 For multiple teeth cutting tools, such as milling cutter, reamer, broach, gear hob etc. feed fz may be measured in millimeters per tool tooth (mm/z). Obviously， vf=f·n=fz·z·n mm/s or mm/min （1.3） （2） Feeding speed, feed and feed per tooth
(3) Back engagement of the cutting edgeFor turningand planing,the back engagement ofthecuttingedge a,isequal to the normal distancebetween the machined surface and the workpiecesurfacetobecut(mm).Forcylindrical turning,(1.4)ap=（dw-dm）/2mmFordrillingap=dm/2(1.5)mmwheredmdiameter of machined surface (mm)dwdiameterofworkpiece surfacetobecut (mm)上页下页退出
（3）Back engagement of the cutting edge For turning and planing, the back engagement of the cutting edge ap is equal to the normal distance between the machined surface and the workpiece surface to be cut(mm). For cylindrical turning, ap =（dw-dm）/2 mm (1.4) For drilling ap =dm/2 mm (1.5) where dm——diameter of machined surface（mm） dw——diameter of workpiece surface to be cut（mm）