测绘专业英语讲稿课次序号：1UnitOneIntroductionofEnglishforscienceandtechnology2学时一、本单元的重点难点：科技英语的特点及翻译二、对学生的要求：1、了解科技英语的特点：2、认识科技英语的翻译标准三、讲授内容：（一）科技英语的特点（EnglishforScienceandTechnology）：1．英语的特点：英语是一种成份复杂的组合型语言：英语为分析性语言；英语的语言结构比较合理；英语的词性转换较多；英语的词汇组成异常复杂和丰富：英语的发音与拼写脱节。2．科技英语的特点：·以客观陈述为主，较多使用被动语句。·使用大量科技英语词语；·表达方式程序化；·大量使用非限定动词；There are many kinds of steel, each having its special uses in industry.The term geomatics emerged first in Canada as an academic discipline; it has been introducedworldwide in a number of institutes of higher education during the past few years, mostly by renaming whatwas previously called"geodesy"or"surveying",and by adding a number of computer science-and/ orGIS-oriented courses·大量使用名词和介词短语Ex. Scientific exploration, the search for the knowledge has given man the practical results of being abletoshieldhimselffromthecalamitiesofnatureandcalamitiesimposedbyotherman1
1 测绘专业英语讲稿 课次序号： 1 Unit One Introduction of English for science and technology 2 学时 一、本单元的重点难点：科技英语的特点及翻译 二、对学生的要求： 1、了解科技英语的特点； 2、认识科技英语的翻译标准 三、讲授内容： （一）科技英语的特点（English for Science and Technology）： 1． 英语的特点： 英语是一种成份复杂的组合型语言； 英语为分析性语言； 英语的语言结构比较合理； 英语的词性转换较多； 英语的词汇组成异常复杂和丰富； 英语的发音与拼写脱节。 2. 科技英语的特点： • 以客观陈述为主，较多使用被动语句。 • 使用大量科技英语词语； • 表达方式程序化； • 大量使用非限定动词； There are many kinds of steel, each having its special uses in industry. The term geomatics emerged first in Canada as an academic discipline; it has been introduced worldwide in a number of institutes of higher education during the past few years, mostly by renaming what was previously called "geodesy" or "surveying", and by adding a number of computer science- and/ or GIS-oriented courses. • 大量使用名词和介词短语； Ex. Scientific exploration, the search for the knowledge has given man the practical results of being able to shield himself from the calamities of nature and calamities imposed by other man
·复杂的长句较多：·条件句较多；(1).If an electron moves, it produces a magnetic field(2).If thedamhasbroken,wewouldhavebeenkilled(3).If therewerenogravity,therewouldbenoairaroundtheearth·省略句较多；1.[Since it is] composedof several different pure substances,air is a mixture--- As described above--- As indicated in Fig.X--- As noted later--- As previously mentioned--- As shown in Table x--- If any--- If necessary--- When in use--- If required·采用的句子结构严谨合理；(1) When work is being checked and difference is found, the computation should be repeatedbefore a correction is made, since the check it self may be incorrect.(2)Manufacturing process may be classified as unit production with small quantities being madeand mass production with large numbers of identical parts being produced·动词的时态相对固定；（二）科技英语翻译的标准翻译标准是指翻译活动中所必须遵循的准绳，是衡量译文质量的尺码，是译者致力追求的目标。长期以来，“信”、“达”、“雅”三个字被我国翻译工作者公认为翻译的标准。具体如下：■1.明确（即“信”一准确）（1）确切：准确无误地表达原文的含义，忠实于原文：（2）明白：清楚明白地表达原文的意思，不能模糊不明，模棱两可。例句：Fewquantitativedataareavailable译文：很少有定量数据可资利用（可用的定量数据很少）。2
2 • 复杂的长句较多； • 条件句较多； （1）. If an electron moves, it produces a magnetic field. （2）. If the dam has broken, we would have been killed. （3）. If there were no gravity, there would be no air around the earth. • 省略句较多； 1. [Since it is ] composed of several different pure substances, air is a mixture. - As described above - As indicated in Fig.x - As noted later - As previously mentioned - As shown in Table x - If any - If necessary - When in use - If required • 采用的句子结构严谨合理； （1）When work is being checked and difference is found, the computation should be repeated before a correction is made, since the check it self may be incorrect. （2）Manufacturing process may be classified as unit production with small quantities being made and mass production with large numbers of identical parts being produced. •动词的时态相对固定； （二）科技英语翻译的标准 翻译标准是指翻译活动中所必须遵循的准绳，是衡量译文质量的尺码，是译者致力追求的目标。 长期以来，“信”、“达”、“雅”三个字被我国翻译工作者公认为翻译的标准。具体如下： ◼ 1． 明确 （即“信”—准确） （1）确切：准确无误地表达原文的含义，忠实于原文； （2）明白：清楚明白地表达原文的意思，不能模糊不明，模棱两可。 例句： Few quantitative data are available. 译文：很少有定量数据可资利用（可用的定量数据很少）
2.通顺（即"达一通顺、流畅）指译文中应当符合中文的语法要求，易懂，读起来顺口。·(1）选词造句正确，符合汉语习惯；·(2)语气表达正确，恰当表达出原文的语气、情态、语态及强调的重点。例句1Thispossibilitywas supported toa limited extent in thetests.译文1在实验中，这一可能性在有限的程度上被支持了译文2这一可能性在实验中于一定限度内得到了证实。例句2Influenza isspread inthe samemannerasa commoncold译文1流行性感冒以和普通感冒相同的方式被传播着。译文2流行性感冒的传播发生与普通感冒相同。3.简练（即雅”一得体）简练是指译文要尽可能简短、精练，没有穴词废字，不重复罗嗪。例句1Theflow sheetshown inFig.2is intended to illustrate the SL/RNprocess译文1图2所示的流程图是想阐明SL/RN法的。译文2图2为阐明SL/RN法的流程。例句2Eachproductmust be produced torigidqualitystandard译文1每件产品都必须生产的符合严格的质量标准。译文2每件产品须达到严格的质量标准。（三）翻译1.翻译过程翻译包括理解原文和表达译文两个过程。·理解原文一透彻了解原文的词文，语法关系和技术含义，以掌握原文的内容和实质。·表达译文一忠实于原文的基础上，运用一定的翻译技巧，写出流畅、简洁、通俗易懂的译文。两者关系：相互联系，不能截然分开。在理解过程中含有表达的因素，而在表达过程中又会促进理解和深化。关于理解过程(I）理解原文词义；(2）理解语法关系；(3）理解专业内容。n
3 2. 通顺 （即“达”—通顺、流畅） 指译文中应当符合中文的语法要求，易懂，读起来顺口。 • (1) 选词造句正确，符合汉语习惯； •(2)语气表达正确，恰当表达出原文的语气、情态、语态及强调的重点 。 例句 1 This possibility was supported to a limited extent in the tests. 译文 1 在实验中，这一可能性在有限的程度上被支持了 译文 2 这一可能性在实验中于一定限度内得到了证实。 例句 2 Influenza is spread in the same manner as a common cold. 译文 1 流行性感冒以和普通感冒相同的方式被传播着。 译文 2 流行性感冒的传播发生与普通感冒相同。 3. 简练 （即“雅”—得体） 简练是指译文要尽可能简短、精练，没有冗词废字，不重复罗嗦。 例句 1 The flow sheet shown in Fig.2 is intended to illustrate the SL/RN process. 译文 1 图 2 所示的流程图是想阐明 SL/RN 法的。 译文 2 图 2 为阐明 SL/RN 法的流程。 例句 2 Each product must be produced to rigid quality standard. 译文 1 每件产品都必须生产的符合严格的质量标准。 译文 2 每件产品须达到严格的质量标准。 （三）翻译 1.翻译过程 翻译包括理解原文和表达译文两个过程。 • 理解原文— 透彻了解原文的词文，语法关系和技术含义，以掌握原文的内容和实质。 • 表达译文— 忠实于原文的基础上，运用一定的翻译技巧，写出流畅、简洁、通俗易懂 的译文。 两者关系：相互联系，不能截然分开。在理解过程中含有表达的因素，而在表达过程中又会促进 理解和深化。 关于理解过程 (1) 理解原文词义; (2) 理解语法关系; (3) 理解专业内容
(1）辨明词义一是理解原文的重要环节。(a）联系上下文及专业范围来确定词义。英语里一词多义的现象很普遍，词义往往因上下文、场合及专业范围而不同。因而要根据具体情况来正确选定原句中的单词或词组的词义。例句1.No signal transmittedfrom thecat and mouse station was detected没有检测到从航向和指挥电台发出的信号。例句 2. The most precise method of determining elevations and most commonly used method is spiritleveling测定高程，精度最高和最常用的方法是几何水准测量（b）根据词类确定词义。英语里一词多类的现象也很普遍，此类不同，词义往往也不同。例句1.Nowthe signalhas inputtothecomputer.译文现在信号已输入计算机。例句2.Nowthat thesignal has input tothecomputer,it canoperate.既然信号已输入计算机，就可工作了例句3.Thetransmitterworkswell译文发射机运作良好。例句4.Worksaboutmicrocomputersareparticularlydesirableatpresent译文有关微型计算机的著作目前特别需要。例句 5.In general, the surveys necessary for the works of human beings are plane surveys.译文凡是为人工建筑物所进行的测量都是平面测量。（c）仔细辨明词义的分量和微细差别。要准确理解词义，还需吃透词义，掌握其分寸，不能忽视用词之间的细微差别。例句1.Heisnotachemist、译文他不是化学家。译文他对化学一窝不通。He is no chemist例句2.Ihadtheradiorepaired译文我已请人修好这台收音机。译文你来之前，我已修好这台收音机。I had repaired the radio before you came.(2）辨明语法关系一理解原意中很关键的一步。辨明语法关系，包括判明句型结构，找出句子的各个成分，弄清各个成分的并列关系或从属关系。(a）通读全文。根据主语、谓语的数目及有无连词，确定句子是属于简单句、并列句还是主从复合句。4
4 (1) 辨明词义— 是理解原文的重要环节。 (a) 联系上下文及专业范围来确定词义。英语里一词多义的现象很普遍，词义往往因上下文、 场合及专业范围而不同。因而要根据具体情况来正确选定原句中的单词或词组的词义。 例句 1. No signal transmitted from the cat and mouse station was detected. 没有检测到从航向和指挥电台发出的信号。 例句 2. The most precise method of determining elevations and most commonly used method is spirit leveling. 测定高程, 精度最高和最常用的方法是几何水准测量. （b) 根据词类确定词义。 英语里一词多类的现象也很普遍，此类不同，词义往往也不同。 例句 1. Now the signal has input to the computer. 译文 现在信号已输入计算机。 例句 2. Now that the signal has input to the computer,it can operate. 既然信号已输入计算机，就可工作了 例句 3. The transmitter works well. 译文 发射机运作良好。 例句 4. Works about microcomputers are particularly desirable at present. 译文 有关微型计算机的著作目前特别需要。 例句 5. In general, the surveys necessary for the works of human beings are plane surveys. 译文 凡是为人工建筑物所进行的测量都是平面测量。 ( c) 仔细辨明词义的分量和微细差别。 要准确理解词义，还需吃透词义，掌握其分寸，不能忽视用词之间的细微差别。 例句 1. He is not a chemist. 译文 他不是化学家。 He is no chemist. 译文 他对化学一窍不通。 例句 2. I had the radio repaired. 译文 我已请人修好这台收音机。 I had repaired the radio before you came. 译文 你来之前，我已修好这台收音机。 (2) 辨明语法关系— 理解原意中很关键的一步。 辨明语法关系，包括判明句型结构，找出句子的各个成分，弄清各个成分的并列关系或从属关系。 (a) 通读全文。根据主语、谓语的数目及有无连词，确定句子是属于简单句、并列句还是主从 复合句
(b）找出各个句子的主要成分（主、谓、宾、表等），进一步判明各次要成分（定、状、补、同位、插入等）同主要成分之间的关系。判明各个成分的涉及范围及其内部组成的层次。(c）如果不是简单句，就要进一步判明歌从句之间的并列关系或从属关系。例句1.If we gather together all the basic equations which define the basic electrical units which wehave discussed so far, we will find that if we know three such circuit parameters as voltage, current, andelapsed time, we can determine any of other parameters such as resistance, work and power.译文如果把迄今所讨论过的确定电的基本单位的所有基本公式都集中起来，我们将会发现：只要知道三个电路参数，电压、电流和经历时间，就能够求其它任一参数，如电阻、功和功率等。例句2.Numerous portable electronicdevices making useof these wavephenomena have beendeveloped which permit the measurement of distance with tremendous precision.译文利用波动现象的许多轻便型电子仪器现已研制出来，这些仪器使测距精度很高。（3）专业内容一是理解原文的重要步骤。既然语法关系明白了，如果缺乏有关专业内容的理解，则还不能确切掌握原文的思想内容，译文将生硬别扭，或偏离愿意。例句 1.Usually these conditions are determined at each end of a line and averaged.For long distance itmay be desirable to determine the condition at intermediate points as well译文通常在测线的两端都测定气象条件，并取平均值，对于长距离测量还需要中间点加测气象条件。（还应该将中间点的气象条件考虑进去）2、关于表达过程（1）看理解原文是否透彻：（2）看能否灵活运用各种翻译方法和技巧，逐字死译，则写不出流畅、达意的译文。因此翻译方法与技巧，在科技英语中便显得十分重要。》科技英语中被动语态的翻译技巧（1）译成被动句a）保留原主语与原句结构例句1.Sound waves have long been usedfor estimating distances译文声波很久以来就用于估算距离。例句2.As we have seen,a wave is transmitted from a transmitter to areflector and returned译文正如我们所看见的，波从发射器发射到反射器，再返回。b）主语移作宾语，而将原句中适当介词宾语译成主语。5
5 (b) 找出各个句子的主要成分（主、谓、宾、表等），进一步判明各次要成分（定、状、补、 同位、插入等）同主要成分之间的关系。判明各个成分的涉及范围及其内部组成的层次。 (c) 如果不是简单句，就要进一步判明歌从句之间的并列关系或从属关系。 例句 1. If we gather together all the basic equations which define the basic electrical units which we have discussed so far, we will find that if we know three such circuit parameters as voltage, current, and elapsed time, we can determine any of other parameters such as resistance, work and power. 译文 如果把迄今所讨论过的确定电的基本单位的所有基本公式都集中起来，我们将会发现：只 要知道三个电路参数，电压、电流和经历时间，就能够求其它任一参数，如电阻、功和功率等。 例句 2. Numerous portable electronic devices making use of these wave phenomena have been developed which permit the measurement of distance with tremendous precision. 译文 利用波动现象的许多轻便型电子仪器现已研制出来，这些仪器使测距精度很高。 （3）专业内容— 是理解原文的重要步骤。 既然语法关系明白了，如果缺乏有关专业内容的理解，则还不能确切掌握原文的思想内 容，译文将生硬别扭，或偏离愿意。 例句 1. Usually these conditions are determined at each end of a line and averaged. For long distance it may be desirable to determine the condition at intermediate points as well. 译文 通常在测线的两端都测定气象条件，并取平均值，对于长距离测量还需要中间点加测气象 条件。（还应该将中间点的气象条件考虑进去） 2、关于表达过程 （1）看理解原文是否透彻； （2）看能否灵活运用各种翻译方法和技巧，逐字死译，则写不出流畅、达意的译文。 因此翻译方法与技巧，在科技英语中便显得十分重要。 ➢ 科技英语中被动语态的翻译技巧 （1）译成被动句 a) 保留原主语与原句结构 例句 1. Sound waves have long been used for estimating distances. 译文 声波很久以来就用于估算距离。 例句 2. As we have seen, a wave is transmitted from a transmitter to a reflector and returned. 译文 正如我们所看见的，波从发射器发射到反射器，再返回。 b) 主语移作宾语，而将原句中适当介词宾语译成主语
例句1.Largequantities of lasersareused byoptical communication inthegenerationoflightemitting译文光通信利用大量的激光器来产生光发射。例句2.Distanceismeasured with EDM devices bydetermining the timerequired for anelectromagnetic wave to travel from a transmitter at one end of line and to return from a reflector at theother end of line译文电磁波测距仪通过测定从测线一端的发射器发射电磁波传到测线另一端的发射器上再返回到发射器所需时间来测定距离。c）主语移作宾语，译成无人称句。例句1.These computers would belarge and bulky, if vacuum tubes were used.译文要是采用真空管的话，这些计算机就会有大有笨。d）原文无主动者，译文加上适当主动者。例句1.Very significant advance have been made in the past couple of decades that open the door tomore rapid progress in surveying and mapping.译文在过去二十几年中，计算机技术已有很大发展，为测绘更为迅速的发展打开了道路e）用it代替主语从句的句子，译成无人称或不定人称句。例句1.Let it be assumed that the reduced level ofA is known to be 100m above a particular datum译文假定A点的归化高程高出某基准面100米。这类句型还有：It is said that ..据说，有人说...Itisstressthat..人们强调说...It can been seen that...可见...It must keep inmind that...必须记住...Itwill benotedthat..你会注意到...It should be pointed tha...必须指出...Itisdemonstratedthat...已经证明...（2）译成被动句一强调被动者或被动动作，或出于语气及修辞需要。a)用"被”字表达例句1.Radiowaves are alsoknown asradiant energy译文无线电也被认为是辐射能。例句2.Aboutthree-fourthsofthesurfaceoftheearth iscoveredwithwater6
6 例句 1. Large quantities of lasers are used by optical communication in the generation of light emitting. 译文 光通信利用大量的激光器来产生光发射。 例 句 2. Distance is measured with EDM devices by determining the time required for an electromagnetic wave to travel from a transmitter at one end of line and to return from a reflector at the other end of line. 译文 电磁波测距仪通过测定从测线一端的发射器发射电磁波传到测线另一端的发射器上再返 回到发射器所需时间来测定距离。 c) 主语移作宾语，译成无人称句。 例句 1. These computers would be large and bulky, if vacuum tubes were used. 译文 要是采用真空管的话，这些计算机就会有大有笨。 d) 原文无主动者，译文加上适当主动者。 例句 1. Very significant advance have been made in the past couple of decades that open the door to more rapid progress in surveying and mapping. 译文 在过去二十几年中，计算机技术已有很大发展，为测绘更为迅速的发展打开了道路。 e) 用 it 代替主语从句的句子，译成无人称或不定人称句。 例句 1. Let it be assumed that the reduced level of A is known to be 100m above a particular datum. 译文 假定 A 点的归化高程高出某基准面 100 米。 这类句型还有： It is said that 据说，有人说 It is stress that 人们强调说 It can been seen that 可见 It must keep in mind that 必须记住 It will be noted that 你会注意到 It should be pointed that 必须指出 It is demonstrated that 已经证明 （2）译成被动句—强调被动者或被动动作，或出于语气及修辞需要。 a) 用“被”字表达 例句 1. Radio waves are also known as radiant energy. 译文 无线电也被认为是辐射能。 例句 2. About three-fourths of the surface of the earth is covered with water
译文地球表面大约四分之三（的面积）被水覆盖着。b）用“受”“由”"待”"让”等字表达。例句1.Everythingonornearthesurfaceofthe earth is attracted译文地球上或地球附近的一切物体都受地球吸引。例句2.Themagneticfield isproducedby an electric current译文磁场由电流产生。c）用"是...的""为...所"予以加以"等词表达。例句1.The satellitemust becarefully inspectedbeforelaunching译文卫星在发射之前必须仔细地予以检查。例句2.Electricityhasbeenknownforthousandsofyears.译文电为人所知已有几十年了。（3）倒装被动句的译法一有些英语被动句常把谓语部分中的过去分词提到句首位置，而形成倒装结构。这种倒装被动句在译时无特殊处理的必要，一般可按照原文顺序译成汉语的..的是."形式。例句1.Presented in the paperare newdataon this subject译文本文介绍的是有关这一课题的一些新数据。例句2.Tobe particularlyconsideredarethefollowingfactors.译文应特别加以考虑的是下列一些因素。课次序号：22学时UnitTwoWhat'sGeomatices?一、本单元的重点难点：1、句子倒装In the last decade, there has been dramatic development and growth in the use ofhard ware and software solutions to both measure and process geo-spatial data.It is processed and manipulated with state-of-the-art information technology usingcomputer softwareand hardware2、找长句的谓语Such developments are forecast to continue and will create new career paths for graduates whose7
7 译文 地球表面大约四分之三（的面积）被水覆盖着。 b) 用“受”“由”“待”“让”等字表达。 例句 1. Everything on or near the surface of the earth is attracted. 译文 地球上或地球附近的一切物体都受地球吸引。 例句 2. The magnetic field is produced by an electric current. 译文 磁场由电流产生。 c) 用“是的”“为所”“予以”“加以”等词表达。 例句 1. The satellite must be carefully inspected before launching. 译文 卫星在发射之前必须仔细地予以检查。 例句 2. Electricity has been known for thousands of years. 译文 电为人所知已有几十年了。 （3）倒装被动句的译法—有些英语被动句常把谓语部分中的过去分词提到句首位置，而形成倒装 结构。这种倒装被动句在译时无特殊处理的必要，一般可按照原文顺序译成汉语的“的是”形 式。 例句 1. Presented in the paper are new data on this subject. 译文 本文介绍的是有关这一课题的一些新数据。 例句 2. To be particularly considered are the following factors. 译文 应特别加以考虑的是下列一些因素 。 课次序号： 2 Unit Two What’s Geomatices? 2 学时 一、本单元的重点难点： 1、句子倒装 In the last decade, there has been dramatic development and growth in the use of hardware and software solutions to both measure and process geo-spatial data. It is processed and manipulated with state-of-the-art information technology using computer software and hardware. 2、找长句的谓语 Such developments are forecast to continue and will create new career paths for graduates whose
education and training is broadlybased and of high academic standard.二、对学生的要求：1、必须掌握本单元的重点难点内容；2、认识Geomatics3、掌握专业词汇：①geomatics,geodesy?surveying and mapping?property survey,?geodetic surveying,plane surveying?photogrammetry?remote sensing(RS)①global positioning system(GPS)?satellite positioninggeographic information systems(GIS)?land management?computer graphics4、词汇扩充与辨析①surveying, survey; measure, measurement?processn.过程、步骤v.处理?rigorous, rough?reduction,reduce?highway, freewayplan, diagram, profile, cross section, chart, map三、课文翻译8
8 education and training is broadly based and of high academic standard. 二、对学生的要求： 1、必须掌握本单元的重点难点内容； 2、认识 Geomatics 3、掌握专业词汇： ① geomatics, geodesy ② surveying and mapping ③ property survey, ④ geodetic surveying, plane surveying ⑤ photogrammetry ⑥ remote sensing(RS) ⑦ global positioning system(GPS) ⑧ satellite positioning ⑨ geographic information systems(GIS) ⑩ land management ⑪ computer graphics 4、词汇扩充与辨析 ① surveying, survey; measure, measurement ② process n. 过程、步骤 v.处理 ③ rigorous, rough ④ reduction, reduce ⑤ highway, freeway ⑥ plan, diagram, profile, cross section, chart, map 三、课文翻译
Uuit2WhatisGeomatics？（什么是测绘学）GeomaticsDefined（测绘学定义）WheredoesthewordGeomaticscomefrom？（Geomatics一测绘或地球空间信息学，这个名词是怎么来的呢？）GEODESY+GEOINFORMATICS=GEOMATICSorGEO-forearthand-MATICSformathematical or GEO-for Geoscience and-MATICS for informatics.（大地测量学+地理信息学=GEOMATICS测绘学或者geo代表地球，matics代表数学，或者geo代表地球科学，matics代表信息学）Ithasbeensaidthatgeomaticsismanythingstomanypeople.（据说测绘学这个词对不同的人有不同的理解）Thetermgeomatics emerged first in Canada and as an academic discipline;it has beenintroduced worldwide in a number of institutes of higher education during the past few years, mostly byrenaming what was previously called “geodesy"or “surveying",and by adding a number of computerscienceand/orGIS-orientedcourses.（这个术语【term术语】作为一个学科【academicdiscipline学科】第一次形成【emerge】于加拿大；在过去的几年里被全世界的许多高等教育研究机构所熟知，通常是以前的“大地测量学”或“测量学”在引入了许多计算机科学和GIS方向【或"基于GIS”】的课程后重新命名的。）Nowthe term includes the traditional surveying definition along with surveying steadilyincreased importance with the development of new technologies and the growing demand for a variety ofspatiallyrelatedtypes of informationparticularly inmeasuring andmonitoring our environment（随着新技术的发展和不断增长的对空间关系的信息类型的需求，尤其是在测量和监测我们的环境方面【环境监测】，现在，传统测量学定义连同【alongwith】日益【steadily稳定的】增长的测量的重要性一起包含在这个术语里了。【逗号后面的句子修饰demand】）Increasinglycritical areareasof expandingpopulations,appreciating land values, dwindling natural resources,and the continuing stressing ofthequalityofourland,waterandairfromhumanactivities.（日益增长的危机来自人口扩张，地价上涨，资源紧缩【紧张】，还有由于人类活动引起的土地、水、空气质量的持续的压力【由人类活动带来的土地、水、空气质量的恶化】As such,geomatics bridges widearcsfromthegeosciencesthroughvariousengineering sciences and computer sciences to spatial planning, land development and the environmentalsciences.（这样，测绘学在地球科学，各种工程学【engineering sciences工程学】，计算机科学，空间规划，土地开发和环境科学相互之间架起了广泛的桥梁。）Nowthewordgeomatics hasbeenadopted by several international bodies including the International Standards Organization(ISO),so it is hereto stay.（现在geomatics这个词已经被包括ISO【国际标准化组织】在内的数个国际机构【internationalbodies】所采用，因此它就这样被普遍接受【behereto stay习惯用语“被普遍接受”】The termO
9 Uuit 2 What is Geomatics? （什么是测绘学） Geomatics Defined（测绘学定义） Where does the word Geomatics come from?（Geomatics－测绘或地球空间信息学，这个名词是怎么来的 呢？） GEODESY+GEOINFORMATICS=GEOMATICS or GEO- for earth and – MATICS for mathematical or GEO- for Geoscience and -MATICS for informatics. （大地测量学＋地理信息学＝ GEOMATICS 测绘学 或者 geo 代表地 球，matics 代表数学，或者 geo 代表地球科学，matics 代表 信息学） It has been said that geomatics is many things to many people.（据说测绘学这个词对不同的人有 不同的 理解） The term geomatics emerged first in Canada and as an academic discipline; it has been introduced worldwide in a number of institutes of higher education during the past few years, mostly by renaming what was previously called “geodesy” or “surveying”, and by adding a number of computer scienceand/or GIS-oriented courses.（这个术语【term 术语】作为一个学科【academic discipline 学科】 第一次形 成【emerge】于加拿大；在过去的几年里被全世界的许多高等教育研究机构所熟知，通常是 以前的“大地测量学” 或“测量学”在引入了许多计算机科学和 GIS 方向【或“基于 GIS” 】的课程后重 新命名的。 ） Now the term includes the traditional surveying definition along with surveying steadily increased importance with the development of new technologies and the growing demand for a variety of spatially related types of information, particularly in measuring and monitoring our environment.（随着新技 术的发展和不断增长的对空间关系的信息类型的需求，尤其是在测量和监测我们的环境方面【环境监 测】 ，现在， 传统测量学定义连同【along with】日益【steadily 稳定的】增长的测量的重要性一起 包含在这个术语里了。【逗 号后面的句子修饰 demand】 ） Increasingly critical are areas of expanding populations, appreciating land values, dwindling natural resources, and the continuing stressing of the quality of our land, water and air from human activities. （日益增长的危机来自人口扩张，地价上涨，资源紧缩 【紧张】 ，还有由于人类活动引起的土地、水、空气质量 的持续的压力【由人类活动带来的土地、 水、空气质量的恶化】 As such, geomatics bridges wide arcs from the geosciences through various engineering sciences and computer sciences to spatial planning, land development and the environmental sciences.（这样，测 绘学在地球科学，各种工程学【engineering sciences 工程学】 ，计算机科学，空 间规划，土地开发和环境科学 相互之间架起了广泛的桥梁。 ） Now the word geomatics has been adopted by several international bodies including the International Standards Organization(ISO),so it is here to stay.（现在 geomatics 这个词已经被包括 ISO【国际标准化 组织】在内的数个国际机构【international bodies】所采用， 因此它就这样被普遍接受【be here to stay 习惯用语“被普遍接受” 】 The term
"surveyor"istraditionallyusedto collectivelydescribethose engaged intheaboveactivities.(surveyor 这个词按惯例用来总指（这换成总称"较好）【collectively全体的】那些从事上述活动的人。）Moreexplicit job descriptions such as Land Surveyor, Engineering Surveyor or Hydrographic Surveyor forexample,are commonly used by practitioners to more clearly describe and market their specialized expertise（更具体的【explicit清楚的、直接的】工作如土地测量员、工程测量员和水道测量员，【commonly一般一般地】被业内人士【practitioners从业者】用来更准确的描述他们的专门技术。【直译为：更清楚的工作描述就如如土地测量员、工程测量员和水道测量员，一般被从业者用来更准确的描述他们的专门技术。）The termgeomatics is a recent creation to conveythetrue collective and scientificnatureof these related activities and has the flexibility to allow for the incorporation of futuretechnologicaldevelopmentsinthesefields.（geomatics这个术语是个新词，表达【convey传达】了实体集合和它们相关联【related】的活动的自然科学，并使这些领域的未来技术发展的结合【incorporation结合】成为可能。【flexibility弹性、机动性】）Adoptionofthetermalsoallowsacoherentmarketingoftheprofessiontoindustryandschools onaworldwidebasis.（这个术语的采用同时也在全世界范围里为行业【industry】里和学校建立了【allow允许了】一个一致的【coherent】专业市场）Asaresult,bothcourseand award titles in the traditional Land Surveying sector at many of the world' s leading universities are beingchangedto“Degree inGeomatics”（结果，世界上许多一流大学的传统的测量专业【部门】的无论是课程还是授予资【授予学位名称】格都改为“测绘学位”【DegreeinGeomatics】的了】Thisdoesnot suggest the demise of the tem “surveyor" and graduates will still practice as land surveyors orphotogammertristsetc.asappropriatetotheirspecialization.（这并不意味着“surveyor”这个词的消亡，测绘毕业生还将从事适合他们专业的【asappropriatetotheirspecialization】土地测量员、摄影测量员及其他【ect.】的工作）In the last decade,therehas been dramatic development and growth in the use ofhardwareandsoftwaresolutionstobothmeasureandprocessgeo-spatialdata.（在过去的十年中，在应用硬件和软件的方法【solution解决方法】来测量和处理地球空间数据工作时有着戏剧性的发展和增长】the use of 在使用..... [in 时]This has created and will continue to create new areas of application,withassociatedjobopportunitiesforsuitablyqualifiedgraduates.（创造并将继续创造新的应用【application】领域，并为合适的、合格【qualified有资格的】的毕业生提供相关的【associated】工作。）Asaresultthe role of the“surveyor”is expanding beyond traditional areas of practice, as described above, into newareas of opportunity（结果是，“surveyor"的角色大大超越传统实践领域一一如前面所述的领域，进入到新的【opportunity机会、时机】的领域。）Inaddition,recentadvances inthetechnologyofdatacollectionandprocessing haveblurred theboundaries of practiceand activitybetween whatwerepreviously10
10 “surveyor” is traditionally used to collectively describe those engaged in the above activities. （surveyor 这 个词按惯例用来总指（这换成“总称”较好）【collectively 全体的】那些从事上述 活动的人。 ） More explicit job descriptions such as Land Surveyor, Engineering Surveyor or Hydrographic Surveyor for example, are commonly used by practitioners to more clearly describe and market their specialized expertise. （更具体的 【explicit 清楚的、直接的】工作如土地测量员、工程测量员和水道测量员，【commonly 一般 一般地】被业内人士【practitioners 从业者】用来更准确的描述他们的专门技术。 【直译为：更 清楚的工作描 述就如如土地测量员、工程测量员和水道测量员，一般被从业者用来更准确的描述他们 的专门技术。） 】 The term geomatics is a recent creation to convey the true collective and scientific nature of these related activities and has the flexibility to allow for the incorporation of future technological developments in these fields.（geomatics 这个术语是个新词，表达【convey 传达】了实体集合和它们 相关 联【related】的活动的自然科学，并使这些领域的未来技术发展的结合【incorporation 结合】成 为可能。 【flexibility 弹性、机动性】 ） Adoption of the term also allows a coherent marketing of the profession to industry and schools on a worldwide basis. （这个术语的采用同时也在全世界范围里为行业 【industry】里和学校建立了【allow 允 许了】一个一致的【coherent】专业市场） As a result, both course and award titles in the traditional Land Surveying sector at many of the world’ s leading universities are being changed to “Degree in Geomatics”. （结果，世界上许多一流大学的 传统的测量专业 【部门】 的无论 是课程还是授予资 【授予学位名称】 格都改为 “测绘学位” 【Degree in Geomatics】 的了） This does not suggest the demise of the term “surveyor” and graduates will still practice as land surveyors or photogammertrists, etc. as appropriate to their specialization.（这并不意味着“surveyor” 这个词的消亡，测 绘毕业生还将从事适合他们专业的【as appropriate to their specialization】土地测量员、 摄影测量员及 其他【ect.】的工作） In the last decade, there has been dramatic development and growth in the use of hardware and software solutions to both measure and process geo-spatial data.（在过去的十年中，在应用硬 件和软件的方法 【solution 解决方法】来测量和处理地球空间数据工作时 有着戏剧性的发展和增长） the use of 在使用. [in 时] This has created and will continue to create new areas of application, with associated job opportunities for suitably qualified graduates. （创造并将继续创造新的应用【application】 领域，并为合适的、合格 【qualified 有资格的】的毕业生提供相关的【associated】工作。 ） As a result, the role of the “surveyor” is expanding beyond traditional areas of practice, as described above, into new areas of opportunity.（结果是， “surveyor”的角色大大超越传统实践领域――如前面所述 的领域，进 入到新的【opportunity 机会、时机】的领域。 ） In addition, recent advances in the technology of data collection and processing have blurred the boundaries of practice and activity between what were previously