Appendix:Test Test Questions This test consists of two parts covering a total of 6 pages.Part I consists of 16 multiple-choice questions.Part II consists of 17 questions in the conventional style. Part I(32%) Choose the best answer for each question. 1.(2%)In relation to structural vibration control,what is meant by active control? a)Use of a viscoelastic material. b)Use ofa sensor. c)Use ofan actuator. d)Combined use of a sensor and an actuator. e)Energy dissipation. 2.(2%)Flexible graphite is a flexible sheet that is all graphite.The fabrication of flexible graphite involves the following procedure: a)Intercalation. b)Exfoliation. c)Intercalation and exfoliation. d)Compression. e)Intercalation,exfoliation,and compression. 3.(2%)The fabrication of high-strength carbon fiber from pitch fiber involves the following procedure: a)Carbonization. b)Carbonization and graphitization c)Stabilization and carbonization. d)Stabilization,carbonization,and graphitization. 333
Appendix: Test Test Questions This test consists of two parts covering a total of 6 pages. Part I consists of 16 multiple-choice questions. Part II consists of 17 questions in the conventional style. Part I (32%) Choose the best answer for each question. 1. (2%) Inrelationtostructuralvibrationcontrol,what ismeant by activecontrol? a) Use of a viscoelastic material. b) Use of a sensor. c) Use of an actuator. d) Combined use of a sensor and an actuator. e) Energy dissipation. 2. (2%) Flexible graphite is a flexible sheet that is all graphite. The fabrication of flexible graphite involves the following procedure: a) Intercalation. b) Exfoliation. c) Intercalation and exfoliation. d) Compression. e) Intercalation, exfoliation, and compression. 3. (2%) The fabrication of high-strength carbon fiber from pitch fiber involves the following procedure: a) Carbonization. b) Carbonization and graphitization. c) Stabilization and carbonization. d) Stabilization, carbonization, and graphitization. 333
334 Appendix:Test 4.(2%)What is the main advantage of pultrusion compared to compression molding for fabricating a continuous fiber polymer-matrix composite? a)Higher fiber volume fraction. b)Lower fiber volume fraction. c)Long length of the resulting composite. d)Composite has a constant cross-section. e)Unidirectional configuration. 5.(2%)The rule of mixtures expression for the modulus of a unidirectional continuous fiber composite is: a)n=0 for the isostrain situation and n =-1 for the isostress situation. b)n=-1 for the isostrain situation and n 1 for the isostress situation. c)n=1 for the isostrain situation and n =0 for the isostress situation. d)n =0 for the isostrain situation and n =I for the isostress situation. e)n=1 for the isostrain situation and n =-1 for the isostress situation. 6.(2%)Give an example of a glassy sealant that is used to improve the oxidation resistance of carbon-carbon composites. a)HfC b)B203 c)Ni d)SisN4 e)SiC 7.(2%)Describe the process of liquid metal infiltration involved in the creation of a SiC particle aluminum-matrix composite. a)Mixing SiC particles with molten aluminum and subsequent casting. b)Mixing SiC particles with molten aluminum and subsequent spraying. c)A SiC particle preform is created and molten aluminum is forced into the preform. d)Mixing SiC particles and aluminum particles and subsequent hot pressing above the melting temperature of aluminum. e)Mixing SiC particles and aluminum particles and subsequent hot pressing below the melting temperature of aluminum. 8.(2%)Describe the coated filler method of power metallurgy that is used to create a SiC particle copper-matrix composite. a)Mixing SiC particles with molten copper and subsequent casting. b)Mixing SiC particles with molten copper and subsequent spraying. c)Mixing SiC particles and copper particles and subsequent hot pressing below the melting temperature of copper
334 Appendix: Test 4. (2%) What is the main advantage of pultrusion compared to compression molding for fabricating a continuous fiber polymer-matrix composite? a) Higher fiber volume fraction. b) Lower fiber volume fraction. c) Long length of the resulting composite. d) Composite has a constant cross-section. e) Unidirectional configuration. 5. (2%) The rule of mixtures expression for the modulus of a unidirectional continuous fiber composite is: a) n = 0 for the isostrain situation and n = −1 for the isostress situation. b) n = −1 for the isostrain situation and n = 1 for the isostress situation. c) n = 1 for the isostrain situation and n = 0 for the isostress situation. d) n = 0 for the isostrain situation and n = 1 for the isostress situation. e) n = 1 for the isostrain situation and n = −1 for the isostress situation. 6. (2%) Give an example of a glassy sealant that is used to improve the oxidation resistance of carbon–carbon composites. a) HfC b) B2O3 c) Ni d) Si3N4 e) SiC 7. (2%) Describe the process of liquid metal infiltration involved in the creation of a SiC particle aluminum-matrix composite. a) Mixing SiC particles with molten aluminum and subsequent casting. b) Mixing SiC particles with molten aluminum and subsequent spraying. c) A SiC particle preform is created and molten aluminum is forced into the preform. d) Mixing SiC particles and aluminum particles and subsequent hot pressing above the melting temperature of aluminum. e) Mixing SiC particles and aluminum particles and subsequent hot pressing below the melting temperature of aluminum. 8. (2%) Describe the coated filler method of power metallurgy that is used to create a SiC particle copper-matrix composite. a) Mixing SiC particles with molten copper and subsequent casting. b) Mixing SiC particles with molten copper and subsequent spraying. c) Mixing SiC particles and copper particles and subsequent hot pressing below the melting temperature of copper
A.0 Test Questions 335 d)Hot pressing copper-coated SiC particles below the melting temperature of copper. e)A SiC particle preform is created and molten copper is forced into the preform. 9.(2%)The rusting of iron in air involves the following anodic and cathodic reactions: a)Fe→Fe2++2e;02+2H20+4e→40H b)Fe→Fe2++2e;02+4Ht+4e→2H20 c)Fe→Fe2++2e;2H20+2e→H2↑+20H d)Fe2+→Fe3t+e;02+2H20+4e→40H e)Fe2+→Fe3t+e;02+4Ht+4e→2H20 10.(2%)Figure A.1 shows specimen configurations for measuring the shear bond strength between a ceramic and a metal (e.g.,steel).In Fig.A.la,the ceramic is bonded to only one side of the metal.In Fig.A.lb,the ceramic is bonded to both sides of the metal.The configuration in Fig.A.1b is advantageous compared to that in Fig.A.la.Give the main reason. a)Larger joint interface area. b)Larger amount of ceramic. c)More brazing material. d)The steel is better protected. e)No bending moment during shear. 11.(2%)Why are both fine and coarse aggregates used in concrete? a)To attain a low total aggregate volume fraction. b)To attain a high total aggregate volume fraction. c)To decrease the fluidity of the mix. d)To increase the fluidity of the mix. e)To increase the rate of curing. ,··,ceramic a braze steel braze steel ceramic F b .ceramic Figure A.1.Specimen configurations for measuring the shear bond strength between a ceramic and a metal (e.g.,steel). a Ceramic is bonded to one side of the metal only.b Ceramic is bonded to both sides of the metal
A.0 Test Questions 335 d) Hot pressing copper-coated SiC particles below the melting temperature of copper. e) A SiC particle preform is created and molten copper is forced into the preform. 9. (2%) The rusting of iron in air involves the following anodic and cathodic reactions: a) Fe → Fe2+ + 2e− ; O2 +2H2O + 4e− → 4OH− b) Fe → Fe2+ + 2e− ; O2 + 4H+ + 4e− → 2 H2O c) Fe → Fe2+ + 2e− ; 2H2O + 2e− → H2 ↑ + 2OH− d) Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e− ; O2 +2H2O + 4e− → 4OH− e) Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e− ; O2 + 4H+ + 4e− → 2H2O 10. (2%) Figure A.1 shows specimen configurations for measuring the shear bond strength between a ceramic and a metal (e.g., steel). In Fig. A.1a, the ceramic is bonded to only one side of the metal. In Fig. A.1b, the ceramic is bonded to both sides of the metal. The configuration in Fig. A.1b is advantageous compared to that in Fig. A.1a. Give the main reason. a) Larger joint interface area. b) Larger amount of ceramic. c) More brazing material. d) The steel is better protected. e) No bending moment during shear. 11. (2%) Why are both fine and coarse aggregates used in concrete? a) To attain a low total aggregate volume fraction. b) To attain a high total aggregate volume fraction. c) To decrease the fluidity of the mix. d) To increase the fluidity of the mix. e) To increase the rate of curing. Figure A.1. Specimen configurations for measuring the shear bond strength between a ceramic and a metal (e.g., steel). a Ceramic is bonded to one side of the metal only. b Ceramic is bonded to both sides of the metal
336 Appendix:Test 12.(2%)What is the main advantage of using activated carbon fiber rather than activated carbon particles for water purification? a)Faster water flow. b)Greater surface area. c）Larger pores. d)Higher strength. e)More flexibility. 13.(2%)Why are polymers typically advantageous compared to ceramics when used as electrically insulating layers in microelectronics? a)Higher thermal conductivity. b)Higher coefficient of thermal expansion. c)Lower coefficient of thermal expansion. d)Lower value of the relative dielectric constant. e)Higher value of the relative dielectric constant. 14.(2%)A Bingham plastic refers to the following: a)A material that exhibits Newtonian behavior. b)A material that exhibits elastic behavior. c)A material that exhibits shear yielding. d)A material that exhibits shear thinning. e)A material that exhibits shear thickening. 15.(2%)In relation to viscoelastic behavior,the quantity tan 6 refers to the fol- lowing: a)The ratio of the storage modulus to the loss modulus. b)The ratio of the loss modulus to the storage modulus. c)The magnitude of the shear modulus. d)The product of the magnitude of the shear modulus and sin 6. e)The product of the magnitude of the shear modulus and cos 6. 16.(2%)A remendable polymer is: a)A thermoplastic polymer. b)A thermosetting polymer. c)A polymer that melts upon heating. d)A polymer that decomposes upon heating e)A polymer for which the degree of crosslinking decreases reversibly upon heating
336 Appendix: Test 12. (2%) What is the main advantage of using activated carbon fiber rather than activated carbon particles for water purification? a) Faster water flow. b) Greater surface area. c) Larger pores. d) Higher strength. e) More flexibility. 13. (2%) Why are polymers typically advantageous compared to ceramics when used as electrically insulating layers in microelectronics? a) Higher thermal conductivity. b) Higher coefficient of thermal expansion. c) Lower coefficient of thermal expansion. d) Lower value of the relative dielectric constant. e) Higher value of the relative dielectric constant. 14. (2%) A Bingham plastic refers to the following: a) A material that exhibits Newtonian behavior. b) A material that exhibits elastic behavior. c) A material that exhibits shear yielding. d) A material that exhibits shear thinning. e) A material that exhibits shear thickening. 15. (2%) In relation to viscoelastic behavior, the quantity tan δ refers to the following: a) The ratio of the storage modulus to the loss modulus. b) The ratio of the loss modulus to the storage modulus. c) The magnitude of the shear modulus. d) The product of the magnitude of the shear modulus and sin δ. e) The product of the magnitude of the shear modulus and cos δ. 16. (2%) A remendable polymer is: a) A thermoplastic polymer. b) A thermosetting polymer. c) A polymer that melts upon heating. d) A polymer that decomposes upon heating. e) A polymer for which the degree of crosslinking decreases reversibly upon heating
A.0 Test Questions 337 Part Il(68%) 1.(4%)Name two main advantages of high-modulus carbon fiber compared to high-strength carbon fiber. 2.(4%)A piezoresistive material exhibits a gage factor of 22.The gage factor is defined as the fractional change in resistance per unit strain.A piece of this material has a resistance of 461.What is its resistance when the strain is 4.5%? 3.(4%)A unidirectional continuous fiber composite contains fibers of modu- lus 3.4GPa.The fiber volume fraction is 57%.The modulus of the matrix is 0.12 GPa.Assuming that the bonding between the fiber and the matrix is per- fect,calculate the modulus of the composite in the longitudinal direction(i.e., in the fiber direction). 4.(4%)In relation to carbon materials,the inhibition factor of a treated carbon is defined as the ratio of the oxidation rate of untreated carbon to the oxidation rate of the treated carbon.The oxidation rates are 9.9%/min for the untreated carbon and 2.8%/min for the treated carbon.Calculate the inhibition factor. 5.(4%)The rate r of a thermally activated process relates to the activation energy Q of the process by the equation r=Ae-Q/RT where T is the temperature in K(not in C),R is the gas constant (a universal constant equal to 8.314 J/(mol K))and A is just a proportionality constant.The rate at temperature Ti is ri and the rate at temperature T2 is r2.Derive an expression for Q in terms of T1,T2,r and r2. 6.(4%)Using a graph,define the plastic viscosity and the apparent viscosity. 7.(4%) T=n, T=Toeioot, Y=Yoei(t-6) In the above equations that pertain to viscoelastic behavior,r is the shear stress,y is the shear strain,and n is the viscosity.Derive the equation Inl GVa, where G is the shear modulus. 8.(4%)Using a graph of stress versus strain,explain the phenomenon of pseu- doplasticity. 9.(4%)A brittle material is much stronger under compression than under ten- sion.Explain the scientific origin of this phenomenon
A.0 Test Questions 337 Part II (68%) 1. (4%) Name two main advantages of high-modulus carbon fiber compared to high-strength carbon fiber. 2. (4%) A piezoresistive material exhibits a gage factor of 22. The gage factor is defined as the fractional change in resistance per unit strain. A piece of this material has a resistance of 46Ω. What is its resistance when the strain is 4.5%? 3. (4%) A unidirectional continuous fiber composite contains fibers of modulus 3.4GPa. The fiber volume fraction is 57%. The modulus of the matrix is 0.12GPa. Assuming that the bonding between the fiber and the matrix is perfect, calculate the modulus of the composite in the longitudinal direction (i.e., in the fiber direction). 4. (4%) In relation to carbon materials, the inhibition factor of a treated carbon is defined as the ratio of the oxidation rate of untreated carbon to the oxidation rate of the treated carbon. The oxidation rates are 9.9%/min for the untreated carbon and 2.8%/min for the treated carbon. Calculate the inhibition factor. 5. (4%) The rate r of a thermally activated process relates to the activation energy Q of the process by the equation r = Ae−Q/RT where T is the temperature in K (not in °C), R is the gas constant (a universal constant equal to 8.314J/(molK)) and A is just a proportionality constant. The rate at temperature T1 is r1 and the rate at temperature T2 is r2. Derive an expression for Q in terms of T1, T2, r1 and r2. 6. (4%) Using a graph, define the plastic viscosity and the apparent viscosity. 7. (4%) τ = η, τ = τoeiωt , γ = γoei(ωt−δ) In the above equations that pertain to viscoelastic behavior, τ is the shear stress,γ is the shear strain, and η is the viscosity. Derive the equation |η| = |G|/ω , where G is the shear modulus. 8. (4%) Using a graph of stress versus strain, explain the phenomenon of pseudoplasticity. 9. (4%) A brittle material is much stronger under compression than under tension. Explain the scientific origin of this phenomenon
338 Appendix:Test 10.(4%)Polyvinyl chloride is stiffer than polyethylene.Explain the scientific origin of this observation.Note that the mer of polyethylene is HH -C-C— HH while the mer of polyvinyl chloride is the same as this except that one for the four hydrogen atoms has been replaced with a chlorine atom 11.(4%)What are the main problems with the method of self-healing involving microcapsules of a monomer? 12.(4%)Describe an effective method of improving the vibration damping ability of a continuous carbon fiber polymer-matrix composite. 13.(4%)Why does the time spent below the melting temperature prior to bonding affect the quality of the bond for polyphenylene sulfide(PPS)? 14.(4%)Why is aluminum foil sufficiently temperature resistant that it can be used in cooking? 15.(4%)Why does corrosion tend to occur in a fastened metal joint? 16.(4%)Why does sand blasting help to improve the corrosion resistance of steel rebars? Void content (Vol..‰%) 25 (a) (b) 15 00.05 0.10.150.2025030.35 Latex/cement ratio Figure A.2.Effect of the latex/cement ratio on the air void content of cement paste:a with 0.53 vol%carbon fibers;b with no fibers
338 Appendix: Test 10. (4%) Polyvinyl chloride is stiffer than polyethylene. Explain the scientific origin of this observation. Note that the mer of polyethylene is H H C C H H while the mer of polyvinyl chloride is the same as this except that one for the four hydrogen atoms has been replaced with a chlorine atom. 11. (4%) What are the main problems with the method of self-healing involving microcapsules of a monomer? 12. (4%) Describe an effective method of improving the vibration damping ability of a continuous carbon fiber polymer-matrix composite. 13. (4%) Why does the time spent below the melting temperature prior to bonding affect the quality of the bond for polyphenylene sulfide (PPS)? 14. (4%) Why is aluminum foil sufficiently temperature resistant that it can be used in cooking? 15. (4%) Why does corrosion tend to occur in a fastened metal joint? 16. (4%) Why does sand blasting help to improve the corrosion resistance of steel rebars? Figure A.2. Effect of the latex/cement ratio on the air void content of cement paste: awith 0.53vol% carbon fibers; bwith no fibers
A.0 Test Solutions 339 17.(4%)Figure A.2 shows the effect of the latex/cement ratio on the air void content of cement paste.Curve (a)is for the case with 0.53 vol%carbon fibers. Curve(b)is for the case without fiber.Explain the features of curve(a)in terms of their scientific origin. Test Solutions Part I(32%) The correct answers are: 1.d 2.e 3.c 4.c 5.e 6.b 7.c 8.d 9.a 10.e 11.b 12.a 13.d 14.c 15.b 16.e Part Il(68%) 1.Any two of the following answers are acceptable:higher modulus;higher ther- mal conductivity;higher electrical conductivity;higher oxidation resistance. 2.[(R-46)/46]/4.5%=22 (R-46)/46=0.99 R-46=45.54 R=91.52. 3.Modulus=(0.57)(3.4GPa)+(0.43)(0.12GPa)=2.0GPa. 4.Inhibition factor =9.9%/2.8%=3.5
A.0 Test Solutions 339 17. (4%) Figure A.2 shows the effect of the latex/cement ratio on the air void content of cement paste. Curve (a) is for the case with 0.53vol% carbon fibers. Curve (b) is for the case without fiber. Explain the features of curve (a) in terms of their scientific origin. Test Solutions Part I (32%) The correct answers are: 1. d 2. e 3. c 4. c 5. e 6. b 7. c 8. d 9. a 10. e 11. b 12. a 13. d 14. c 15. b 16. e Part II (68%) 1. Any two of the following answers are acceptable: higher modulus; higher thermal conductivity; higher electrical conductivity; higher oxidation resistance. 2. [(R − 46)/46]/4.5% = 22 (R − 46)/46 = 0.99 R − 46 = 45.54 R = 91.5Ω. 3. Modulus = (0.57) (3.4GPa) + (0.43) (0.12GPa) = 2.0GPa. 4. Inhibition factor = 9.9%/2.8% = 3.5
340 Appendix:Test 5.r1=Ae-O/RTI T2 A e-Q/RT2 T1/T2=e-Q/RTI/e-Q/RT2 =e-Q/RT1+Q/RT2 1n(r1/r2)=-Q/RT1+Q/RT2=-(Q/R)[(1/T)-(1/T2)] Q=-Rln(r/r2)/[(1/T)-(1/T2】. 6.The graph defining the plastic viscosity and the apparent viscosity should look like this: Slope plastic viscosity 'Slope =apparent viscosity Shear strain rate 7.Y=Yoicei(-6) n=Toei!/[Yoicei(-5)]=-i(lGV/a)eis Inl IGVa. 8.A graph of stress versus strain that explains the phenomenon of pseudoplas- ticity should look like this: Loading plateau Stress Unloading plateau Permanent Strain set 9.The microcracks that tend to be present in a brittle material propagate much more under tension than under compression
340 Appendix: Test 5. r1 = A e −Q/RT1 r2 = A e −Q/RT2 r1/r2 = e−Q/RT1/e−Q/RT2 = e−Q/RT1+Q/RT2 ln(r1/r2) = −Q/RT1 + Q/RT2 = −(Q/R)[(1/T1) − (1/T2)] Q = −R ln(r1/r2)/[(1/T1) − (1/T2)] . 6. The graph defining the plastic viscosity and the apparent viscosity should look like this: Shear stress Shear strain rate Slope = apparent viscosity Slope = plastic viscosity 7. γ˙ = γoiωei(ωt−δ) η = τoeiωt / γoiωei(ωt−δ) = −i(|G|/ω)eiδ |η| = |G|/ω . 8. A graph of stress versus strain that explains the phenomenon of pseudoplasticity should look like this: 9. The microcracks that tend to be present in a brittle material propagate much more under tension than under compression.
A.0 Test Solutions 341 10.In PVC,there is hydrogen bonding (secondary bonding)between a hydrogen of one molecule and the chlorine of another molecule(the following diagram is not required): HH Molecule 1 H:CI ·Hydrogen bond H CI- C一C Molecule 2 HH 11.Toxicity of the monomer;high cost of the catalyst. 12.Add either a viscoelastic material or a nanofiber material to the composite at the interlaminar interface(mentioning either material is sufficient). 13.PPS is a thermoplastic that has thermosetting character,so it cures to a limited degree as it spends time below the melting temperature prior to bonding. 14.It is covered with a nonporous protective layer of aluminum oxide. 15.The reduced availability of oxygen at the crevice in the fastened joint results in an oxygen concentration cell,meaning that the crevice region becomes the anode. 16.Sand blasting removes the impurities on the surface of the rebar,thus resulting in a more uniform surface composition. 17.The decrease in void content as the latex/cement ratio increases up to about 0.15 is due to the latex.The increase in void content as the latex/cement ratio increases beyond about 0.15 is due to the decreasing degree of fiber dispersion (Fiber clumping increases the void content.)
A.0 Test Solutions 341 10. In PVC, there is hydrogen bonding (secondary bonding) between a hydrogen of one molecule and the chlorine of another molecule (the following diagram is not required): H H C C H Cl H C C H H Hydrogen bond Molecule 1 Molecule 2 + H H C C H Cl H Cl C C H H + 11. Toxicity of the monomer; high cost of the catalyst. 12. Add either a viscoelastic material or a nanofiber material to the composite at the interlaminar interface (mentioning either material is sufficient). 13. PPS is a thermoplastic that has thermosetting character, so it cures to a limited degree as it spends time below the melting temperature prior to bonding. 14. It is covered with a nonporous protective layer of aluminum oxide. 15. The reduced availability of oxygen at the crevice in the fastened joint results in an oxygen concentration cell, meaning that the crevice region becomes the anode. 16. Sand blasting removes the impurities on the surface of the rebar, thus resulting in a more uniform surface composition. 17. The decrease in void content as the latex/cement ratio increases up to about 0.15 is due to the latex. The increase in void content as the latex/cement ratio increases beyond about 0.15 is due to the decreasing degree of fiber dispersion. (Fiber clumping increases the void content.)
Index 0.2%offset yield strength 57 base 135 battery 40 AB stacking sequence 37 beach marks 123 abrasive wear 126 beryllium-metal composites 317 activation energy 119 binder4,14,146,247,314 activation energy 223 Bingham plastic 70,71 active brazing alloy (ABA)142 biocompatible material 32 active vibration control 66,141 biodegradable polymer 32 actuator 289 bond line thickness 308 adhesion 137 bonding 8,64 adhesion 144 bonron nitride(BN)175 adhesive joint 144,261 boronsilicate glass matrix 319 adhesive wear 126 borosilicate glass composites 25 admixture 7,146,158 brazing 137 admixture method 20,167,192 brazing or solder joint 141 agglomerate structure of carbon black breaking strength 57 aggregates 2 brittle material 62,63 aging 125 brittle-matrix composites 30 allotropes 175 aluminum 162 calcium silicate 26 aluminum nitride 164 calendering 10 aluminum-matrix composites 314 calorimetry 293 amide linkages 59 carbn foams 318 amorphous carbon 36 carbon 32,35 amorphous materials 284 carbon binder 149 angular frequency 75 carbon black43,73,74,184,308,321 anions 95 carbon fiber 36 anode 96 carbon fiber polymer-matrix composites 1 antioxidants 71,116 carbon nanofbers 43 apparent viscosity 70 carbon nanotubes 36 aromatic polyamide 59 carbon precursor 149 Arrhenius plot 121,223 carbon yield 22,23 aspect ratio 248 carbon-carbon composites 2,6,22,25,38,64, aspect ratio 271 186,318 asphalt 133 carbonization 21,22,36,149 asphalt 135 carbonization-impregnation cycles 22 atomic oxygen 126 carbon-matrix composites 2,21,31,191,317 austenite 84,287 carrier concentration 204 autohesion 137 cast iron 86 cast iron 135 ball grid array 257 casting 29 343
Index 0.2% offset yield strength 57 AB stacking sequence 37 abrasive wear 126 activation energy 119 activation energy 223 active brazing alloy (ABA) 142 active vibration control 66, 141 actuator 289 adhesion 137 adhesion 144 adhesive joint 144, 261 adhesive wear 126 admixture 7, 146, 158 admixture method 20, 167, 192 agglomerate structure of carbon black 41 aggregates 2 aging 125 allotropes 175 aluminum 162 aluminum nitride 164 aluminum-matrix composites 314 amide linkages 59 amorphous carbon 36 amorphous materials 284 angular frequency 75 anions 95 anode 96 antioxidants 71, 116 apparent viscosity 70 aromatic polyamide 59 Arrhenius plot 121, 223 aspect ratio 248 aspect ratio 271 asphalt 133 asphalt 135 atomic oxygen 126 austenite 84, 287 autohesion 137 ball grid array 257 base 135 battery 40 beach marks 123 beryllium-metal composites 317 binder 4, 14, 146, 247, 314 Bingham plastic 70, 71 biocompatible material 32 biodegradable polymer 32 bond line thickness 308 bonding 8, 64 bonron nitride (BN) 175 boronsilicate glass matrix 319 borosilicate glass composites 25 brazing 137 brazing or solder joint 141 breaking strength 57 brittle material 62, 63 brittle-matrix composites 30 calcium silicate 26 calendering 10 calorimetry 293 carbn foams 318 carbon 32, 35 carbon binder 149 carbon black 43, 73, 74, 184, 308, 321 carbon fiber 36 carbon fiber polymer-matrix composites 1 carbon nanofibers 43 carbon nanotubes 36 carbon precursor 149 carbon yield 22, 23 carbon-carbon composites 2, 6, 22, 25, 38, 64, 186, 318 carbonization 21, 22, 36, 149 carbonization-impregnation cycles 22 carbon-matrix composites 2, 21, 31, 191, 317 carrier concentration 204 cast iron 86 cast iron 135 casting 29 343