Operating Systems G Chapter 8: Multiple Processor Systems H 8.1 Multiprocessors E 8.2 Multicomputers a8.3 Virtualization 48.4 Distributed systems Gao Haichang, Software School, Xidian University
Operating Systems Gao Haichang , Software School, Xidian University 3 Chapter 8: Multiple Processor Systems 8.1 Multiprocessors 8.2 Multicomputers 8.3 Virtualization 8.4 Distributed systems
Operating Systems Multiprocessor Systems c The computer industry has been driven by an endless quest for more and more computing power. G One approach to greater speed is through massively parallel computers. Highly parallel computers are often used for heavy number crunching Another relevant development is the incredibly rapid growth of the internet Gao Haichang, Software School, Xidian University
Operating Systems Gao Haichang , Software School, Xidian University 4 Multiprocessor Systems The computer industry has been driven by an endless quest for more and more computing power. One approach to greater speed is through massively parallel computers. Highly parallel computers are often used for heavy number crunching. Another relevant development is the incredibly rapid growth of the Internet
Operating Systems Multiprocessor Systems ocal CPU memory Complete system Inter- HCHM Shared connect Internet memory M 回回回回回 回回园回 回回 G Continuous need for faster computers E Share memory mode H message passing multi computer(tight-coupled) H wide area distributed system(loose-coupled Gao Haichang, Software School, Xidian University
Operating Systems Gao Haichang , Software School, Xidian University 5 Multiprocessor Systems Continuous need for faster computers share memory model message passing multi computer (tight-coupled) wide area distributed system (loose-coupled)
Operating Systems Multiprocessors Share-memory multiprocessor: A computer system in which two or more CPUs share full access to a common ram every cpu has equal access to the CPU entire physical memory can read and write individual words using load and store Shared instructions memory data speed: 10-50nsec 回卤回回 Gao Haichang, Software School, Xidian University
Operating Systems Gao Haichang , Software School, Xidian University 6 Multiprocessors Share-memory multiprocessor: A computer system in which two or more CPUs share full access to a common RAM ▪ every CPU has equal access to the entire physical memory ▪ can read and write individual words using LOAD and STORE instructions ▪ data speed: 10-50nsec
Operating Systems Multiprocessors UMA( Uniform Memory Access统一内存访问) 口每个存储器字的读出速度是一样快的。 UMA Multiprocessors with Bus-Based Architectures UMA Multiprocessor Using Crossbar Switches(交叉 开关) UMA Multiprocessor Using Multistage Switching Networks(多级交换网) NUMA( Nonuniform Memory access,非统一内存 访问) Gao Haichang, Software School, Xidian University
Operating Systems Gao Haichang , Software School, Xidian University 7 Multiprocessors UMA ( Uniform Memory Access，统一内存访问 ) 每个存储器字的读出速度是一样快的。 ➢ UMA Multiprocessors with Bus-Based Architectures ➢ UMA Multiprocessor Using Crossbar Switches（交叉 开关） ➢ UMA Multiprocessor Using Multistage Switching Networks（多级交换网络） NUMA ( Nonuniform Memory Access，非统一内存 访问 )
Operating Systems Multiprocessor Hardware( 1) Private memory- Shared memory memory CPUCPU M CPUCPUM CPUCPU M Cache Bus Bus-based multiprocessors (a)Without caching (b)with caching (c)With caching and private memories Gao Haichang, Software School, Xidian University
Operating Systems Gao Haichang , Software School, Xidian University 8 Multiprocessor Hardware (1) Bus-based multiprocessors (a) Without caching (b) With caching (c) With caching and private memories
Operating Systems Multiprocessor Hardware(2) Memories 同图目目 Crosspoint switch is open 000 001 010 011 Crosspoint 100 switch is closed 101 110 111 Closed Open switch crosspoint switch G UMA Multiprocessor using a crossbar switch Gao Haichang, Software School, Xidian University
Operating Systems Gao Haichang , Software School, Xidian University 9 Multiprocessor Hardware (2) UMA Multiprocessor using a crossbar switch
Operating Systems Multiprocessor Hardware(2) g UMA Multiprocessor using a crossbar switch E Ad: It is a nonblocking network E Disad the number of crosspoints grows as n2 Gao Haichang, Software School, Xidian University 10
Operating Systems Gao Haichang , Software School, Xidian University 10 Multiprocessor Hardware (2) UMA Multiprocessor using a crossbar switch Ad: It is a nonblocking network。 Disad: the number of crosspoints grows as n 2
ultiprocessor Hardware(3)remit sram G UMA multiprocessors using multistage switching networks can be built from 2x2 switches A Module Address Opcode Value B (a)2x2 switch (b) Message format Module:使用哪个存储器 Address:在模块中的地址 Opcode:操作 Ⅴalue:操作数 Gao Haichang, Software School, Xidian University
Operating Systems Gao Haichang , Software School, Xidian University 11 Multiprocessor Hardware (3) UMA multiprocessors using multistage switching networks can be built from 2x2 switches (a) 2x2 switch (b) Message format Module：使用哪个存储器 Address：在模块中的地址 Opcode：操作 Value：操作数
Operating Systems Multiprocessor Hardware(4) 3 Stages CPUs Memories 000 11A 2A 3A 000 001 b 001 010 010 1B 2B 3B 011 0 100 100 1C 2C 3C 101 101 110 111 1D 2D 3D 111 G Omega Switching Network Gao Haichang, Software School, Xidian University 12
Operating Systems Gao Haichang , Software School, Xidian University 12 Multiprocessor Hardware (4) Omega Switching Network